Code of Virginia
Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances

§ 55.1-1951. Display of the flag of the United States; necessary supporting structures; affirmative defense - A. In accordance with the federal Freedom to Display the...

§ 55.1-1951.1. Installation of solar energy collection devices - A. As used in this section, "solar energy collection device"...

§ 55.1-1952. Meetings of unit owners' association and executive board; quorums - A. Unless the condominium instruments otherwise provide or as specified...

§ 55.1-1953. Meetings of unit owners' association and executive board; voting by unit owners; proxies - A. The bylaws may allocate to each unit depicted on...

§ 55.1-1954. Officers - A. If the condominium instruments provide that any officer must...

§ 55.1-1955. Upkeep of condominiums; warranty against structural defects; statute of limitations for warranty; warranty review committee - A. Except to the extent otherwise provided by the condominium...

§ 55.1-1956. Control of common elements - A. Except to the extent prohibited, restricted, or limited by...

§ 55.1-1957. Common elements; notice of pesticide application - The unit owners' association shall post notice of all pesticide...

§ 55.1-1958. Tort and contract liability; judgment lien - A. An action for tort alleging a wrong done (i)...

§ 55.1-1959. Suspension of services for failure to pay assessments; corrective action; assessment of charges for violations; notice; hearing; adoption and enforcement of rules and regulations - A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the executive...

§ 55.1-1960. Limitation of occupancy of a unit - To the extent expressly provided in the condominium instruments, the...

§ 55.1-1960.1. Limitation of smoking in condominium - Except to the extent that the condominium instruments provide otherwise,...

§ 55.1-1961. Use of for sale sign in connection with resale - Except as expressly authorized in this chapter or in the...

§ 55.1-1962. Designation of authorized representative - Except as expressly authorized in this chapter or in the...

§ 55.1-1962.1. Electric vehicle charging stations permitted - A. Except to the extent that the condominium instruments provide...

§ 55.1-1963. Insurance - A. The condominium instruments may require the unit owners' association,...

§ 55.1-1964. Liability for common expenses; late fees - A. Except to the extent that the condominium instruments provide...

§ 55.1-1965. Annual budget; reserves for capital components - A. Except to the extent provided in the condominium instruments,...

§ 55.1-1966. Lien for assessments - A. The unit owners' association shall have a lien on...

§ 55.1-1967. Notice of sale under deed of trust - In accordance with the provisions of § 15.2-979, the unit...

§ 55.1-1968. Bond to be posted by declarant - A. The declarant of a condominium containing units that are...

§ 55.1-1969. Restraints on alienation - If the condominium instruments create any rights of first refusal...

§ 55.1-1970. Common Interest Community Board - This chapter shall be administered by the Common Interest Community...

§ 55.1-1971. General powers and duties of the Common Interest Community Board - A. The Common Interest Community Board shall prescribe reasonable regulations,...

§ 55.1-1972. Exemptions from certain provisions of article - A. Unless the method of offer or disposition is adopted...

§ 55.1-1973. Rental of units - A. Except as expressly authorized in this chapter or in...

§ 55.1-1974. Limitations on dispositions of units - Unless exempt by § 55.1-1972: 1. No declarant may offer...

§ 55.1-1975. Application for registration; fee - A. The application for registration of the condominium shall be...

§ 55.1-1976. Public offering statement; condominium securities - A. A public offering statement shall disclose fully and accurately...

§ 55.1-1977. Inquiry and examination - Upon receipt of an application for registration, the Common Interest...

§ 55.1-1978. Notice of filing and registration - A. Upon receipt of the application for registration, the Common...

§ 55.1-1979. Annual report by declarant - The declarant shall file a report in the form prescribed...

§ 55.1-1980. Annual report by unit owners' association - The unit owners' association shall file an annual report in...

§ 55.1-1981. Termination of registration - A. In the event that all of the units in...

§ 55.1-1982. Conversion condominiums; special provisions - A. For the purposes of this section: "Affordable rent" means...

§ 55.1-1983. Escrow of deposits - A. Any deposit made in regard to any disposition of...

§ 55.1-1984. Declarant to deliver declaration to purchaser - The declarant shall within 10 days of recordation of the...

§ 55.1-1985. Investigations and proceedings - A. Whenever the Common Interest Community Board receives a written...

§ 55.1-1986. Cease and desist orders - A. The Common Interest Community Board may issue an order...

§ 55.1-1987. Revocation of registration - A. A registration may be revoked by the Common Interest...

§ 55.1-1988. Judicial review - Proceedings for judicial review shall be in accordance with the...

§ 55.1-1989. Penalties - Any person who willfully violates any provision of § 55.1-1972,...

§ 55.1-1990. Resale by purchaser; contract disclosure; right of cancellation - A. For purposes of this article, unless the context requires...

§ 55.1-1991. Contents of resale certificate; delivery - A. A resale certificate shall include the following: 1. An...

§ 55.1-1992. Fees for resale certificate - A. The unit owners' association may charge fees as authorized...

§ 55.1-1993. Properties subject to more than one declaration - If the unit is subject to more than one declaration,...

§ 55.1-1994. Requests by settlement agents - A. The settlement agent may request a financial update from...

§ 55.1-1995. Exceptions to disclosure requirements - A. The resale certificate required by this article need not...

Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act

§ 55.1-2000. Definitions - As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a...

§ 55.1-2001. Property taxes assessed on individual apartments - Property taxes assessed by the Commonwealth or by any locality...

§ 55.1-2002. Chapter additional and supplemental - The provisions of this chapter shall be in addition and...

§ 55.1-2003. Establishment of horizontal property regime - A. A horizontal property regime is established when a developer,...

§ 55.1-2004. Partition - A. The common elements, both general and limited, shall remain...

§ 55.1-2005. Apartments subject to individual titles and interests; recording; transfer of garage unit - Once the property is established as a horizontal property regime,...

§ 55.1-2006. Joint or common ownership - Any apartment may be jointly or commonly owned by more...

§ 55.1-2007. Exclusive and common rights of owners - An apartment owner has an exclusive right to his apartment...

§ 55.1-2008. Master deed or lease; recordation; particulars - A master deed or lease shall be recorded in the...

§ 55.1-2009. Deeds of individual apartments - The deed of each individual apartment shall express the particulars...

§ 55.1-2010. Regrouping or merger of estates with principal property - All of the co-owners or such lesser percentage as may...

§ 55.1-2011. Merger not to bar subsequent condominium - The merger provided for in § 55.1-2010 shall not bar...

§ 55.1-2012. Bylaws governing administration of buildings - The administration of every building established as a horizontal property...

§ 55.1-2013. Books and records; inspection; audit - The administrator, board of administration, or person appointed by the...

§ 55.1-2014. Contributions by co-owners - All co-owners are bound to contribute pro rata toward the...

§ 55.1-2015. Payment of assessments upon conveyance of apartment; priority - Upon the sale or conveyance of an apartment, all unpaid...

§ 55.1-2016. Liens or encumbrances - A. Subsequent to establishment of a horizontal property regime as...

§ 55.1-2017. Rule against perpetuities; rule restricting unreasonable restraints on alienation - The rules of property law known as the rule against...

§ 55.1-2018. Liability of owner - A. The liability of the owner of an apartment for...

§ 55.1-2019. Compliance by co-owner with bylaws and administrative rules and regulations - Each co-owner shall comply with the bylaws of the horizontal...

§ 55.1-2020. Deposits to be held in escrow - Any deposit made with a reservation to purchase or a...

Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act

§ 55.1-2100. Definitions - As used in this chapter or in the declaration and...

§ 55.1-2101. Applicability - A. This chapter applies to all cooperatives created within the...

§ 55.1-2102. Variation by agreement - Except as expressly provided in this chapter, provisions of this...

§ 55.1-2103. Property classification of cooperative interests; taxation - A. A cooperative interest is real estate for all purposes....

§ 55.1-2104. Applicability of local ordinances, regulations, and building codes; local authority - A. No zoning or other land use ordinance shall prohibit...

§ 55.1-2105. Eminent domain - A. If a unit is acquired by eminent domain, or...

§ 55.1-2106. General principles of law applicable - The principles of law and equity, including the law of...

§ 55.1-2107. Construction against implicit repeal - This chapter, being a general act intended as a unified...

§ 55.1-2108. Uniformity of application and construction - This chapter shall be applied and construed so as to...

§ 55.1-2109. Unconscionable agreement or term of contract - A. The court, upon finding as a matter of law...

§ 55.1-2110. Obligation of good faith - Every contract or duty governed by this chapter imposes an...

§ 55.1-2111. Remedies to be liberally administered - A. The remedies provided by this chapter shall be liberally...

§ 55.1-2112. Creation of cooperative ownership - A cooperative may be created pursuant to this chapter only...

§ 55.1-2113. Unit boundaries - Except as otherwise provided by the declaration: 1. If walls,...

§ 55.1-2114. Construction and validity of declaration and bylaws - A. All provisions of the declaration and bylaws are severable....

§ 55.1-2115. Description of units - A description of a unit that sets forth the name...

§ 55.1-2116. Contents of declaration - A. The declaration shall contain: 1. The name of the...

§ 55.1-2117. Leasehold cooperatives - A. The expiration or termination of any lease that may...

§ 55.1-2118. Allocation of ownership interests, votes, and common expense liabilities - A. The declaration shall allocate an ownership interest in the...

§ 55.1-2119. Limited common elements - A. Except for the limited common elements described in subdivisions...

§ 55.1-2120. Exercise of development rights - A. To exercise any development right reserved under subdivision A...

§ 55.1-2121. Alterations of units - Subject to the provisions of the declaration and other provisions...

§ 55.1-2122. Relocation of boundaries between adjoining units - A. Subject to the provisions of the declaration and other...

§ 55.1-2123. Subdivision of units - A. If the declaration expressly so permits, a unit may...

§ 55.1-2124. Easement for encroachments - To the extent that any unit or common element encroaches...

§ 55.1-2125. Use for sales purposes - A declarant may maintain sales offices, management offices, and models...

§ 55.1-2126. Easement rights - Subject to the provisions of the declaration, a declarant has...

§ 55.1-2127. Amendment of declaration - A. Except in cases of amendments that may be executed...

§ 55.1-2128. Termination of cooperative ownership - A. Except in the case of a taking of all...

§ 55.1-2129. Rights of secured lenders - The declaration may require that all or a specified number...

§ 55.1-2130. Master associations - A. If the declaration provides that any of the powers...

§ 55.1-2131. Merger or consolidation of cooperatives - A. Any two or more cooperatives, by agreement of the...

§ 55.1-2132. Organization of the association - An association must be organized no later than the date...

§ 55.1-2133. Powers of the association - A. Except as provided in subsection B, and subject to...

§ 55.1-2133.1. Installation of solar energy collection devices - A. As used in this section, "solar energy collection device"...

§ 55.1-2134. Executive board members and officers - A. Except as provided in the declaration, the bylaws, subsection...

§ 55.1-2135. Transfer of special declarant rights - A. No special declarant rights created or reserved under this...

§ 55.1-2136. Termination of contracts and leases of declarant - If entered into before the executive board elected by the...

§ 55.1-2137. Bylaws - A. The bylaws of the association shall provide for: 1....

§ 55.1-2138. Upkeep of cooperative - A. Except to the extent otherwise provided by the declaration,...

§ 55.1-2139. Common elements; notice of pesticide application - Associations shall post notification of all pesticide applications in or...

§ 55.1-2139.1. Electric vehicle charging stations permitted - A. Except to the extent that the declaration provides otherwise,...

§ 55.1-2140. Meetings - A meeting of the association must be held at least...

§ 55.1-2141. Quorums - A. Unless the bylaws provide otherwise, a quorum is present...

§ 55.1-2142. Voting; proxies - A. If only one of the multiple proprietary lessees of...

§ 55.1-2143. Tort and contract liability - Neither the association nor any proprietary lessee except the declarant...

§ 55.1-2144. Conveyance or encumbrance of the cooperative - A. Part of the cooperative may be conveyed, and all...

§ 55.1-2145. Insurance - A. Commencing not later than the time of the first...

§ 55.1-2146. Assessments for common expenses - A. Until the association makes a common expense assessment, the...

§ 55.1-2147. Annual budget; reserves for capital components - A. Except to the extent provided in the declaration, the...

§ 55.1-2148. Remedies for nonpayment of assessments - A. The association has a lien on a cooperative interest...

§ 55.1-2149. Other liens affecting the cooperative - A. Regardless of whether his cooperative interest is subject to...

§ 55.1-2150. Limitation of assumption of debt and encumbrances - Unless approved by persons entitled to cast at least 80...

§ 55.1-2151. Association records - The association shall keep financial records sufficiently detailed to enable...

§ 55.1-2152. Association as trustee - With respect to a third person dealing with the association...

§ 55.1-2153. Applicability; waiver - A. This article applies to all cooperative interests subject to...

§ 55.1-2154. Liability for public offering statement; requirements - A. Except as provided in subsection B, a declarant, prior...

§ 55.1-2155. Public offering statement; general provisions - A. Except as provided in subsection B, a public offering...

§ 55.1-2156. Public offering statement; cooperatives subject to development rights - If the declaration provides that a cooperative is subject to...

§ 55.1-2157. Public offering statement; time-shares - If the declaration provides that ownership of cooperative interests or...

§ 55.1-2158. Public offering statement; cooperatives containing conversion building - A. In addition to the information required by § 55.1-2155,...

§ 55.1-2159. Public offering statement; cooperative securities - If an interest in a cooperative is currently registered with...

§ 55.1-2160. Purchaser's right to cancel - A. A person required to deliver a public offering statement...

§ 55.1-2161. Resales of cooperative interests - A. Except in the case of a sale where delivery...

§ 55.1-2162. Escrow of deposits - A. Any deposit made in connection with the purchase or...

§ 55.1-2163. Release of liens - A. In the case of a sale of a cooperative...

§ 55.1-2164. Conversion buildings - A. For the purposes of this section: "Disabled" means suffering...

§ 55.1-2165. Express warranties of quality - A. Express warranties made by any seller to a purchaser...

§ 55.1-2166. Implied warranties of quality - A. A declarant and any person in the business of...

§ 55.1-2167. Exclusion or modification of implied warranties of quality - A. Except as limited by subsection B with respect to...

§ 55.1-2168. Statute of limitations for warranties - A. A judicial proceeding for breach of any obligation arising...

§ 55.1-2169. Effect of violation on rights of action; attorney fees; arbitration of disputes - A. If a declarant or any other person subject to...

§ 55.1-2170. Labeling of promotional material - No promotional material may be displayed or delivered to prospective...

§ 55.1-2171. Declarant's obligation to complete and restore - A. The declarant shall complete all improvements depicted on any...

§ 55.1-2172. Substantial completion of units - In the case of a sale of a cooperative interest...

§ 55.1-2173. Common Interest Community Board - This chapter shall be administered by the Common Interest Community...

§ 55.1-2174. General powers and duties of the Common Interest Community Board - A. The Common Interest Community Board may adopt, amend, and...

§ 55.1-2175. Registration required - A declarant shall not offer or dispose of a cooperative...

§ 55.1-2176. Application for registration; approval of uncompleted unit - A. An application for registration must contain the information and...

§ 55.1-2177. Receipt of application; order or registration - A. The Common Interest Community Board shall acknowledge receipt of...

§ 55.1-2178. Cease and desist order - If the Common Interest Community Board determines, after notice and...

§ 55.1-2179. Revocation of registration - A. The Common Interest Community Board, after providing notice stating...

§ 55.1-2180. Investigative powers of the Common Interest Community Board - A. The Common Interest Community Board may initiate public or...

§ 55.1-2181. Annual report and amendments - A. A declarant, within 30 days after the anniversary date...

§ 55.1-2182. Annual report by associations - A. The association shall file an annual report in a...

§ 55.1-2183. Common Interest Community Board regulation of public offering statement - A. The Common Interest Community Board at any time may...

§ 55.1-2184. Penalties - Any person who willfully violates § 55.1-2155, 55.1-2158, 55.1-2159, 55.1-2162,...

Chapter 22 - Virginia Real Estate Time-Share Act

§ 55.1-2200. Definitions - As used in this chapter, or in a time-share instrument,...

§ 55.1-2201. Applicability - A. This chapter shall have exclusive jurisdiction and shall apply...

§ 55.1-2202. Administrative agency - The Common Interest Community Board shall administer this chapter. 1985,...

§ 55.1-2203. Status of time-share estates with respect to real property interests - A. A document transferring or encumbering a time-share estate shall...

§ 55.1-2204. Applicability of local ordinances, regulations, and building codes - A zoning, subdivision, or other ordinance or regulation shall not...

§ 55.1-2205. Use of terms - A developer in its offering or disposition of a time-share...

§ 55.1-2206. Severability of provisions of time-share instruments - All provisions of the time-share instruments shall be deemed severable,...

§ 55.1-2207. Time-sharing permitted - A time-share project shall be permitted on any land or...

§ 55.1-2208. Instruments - A. In order to create a time-share program for a...

§ 55.1-2209. Time-share instrument for time-share estate project - In addition to the requirements of § 55.1-2208, the time-share...

§ 55.1-2210. Developer control in time-share estate program - A. The time-share instrument for a time-share estate program shall...

§ 55.1-2211. Time-share estate owners' association control liens - A. The board of directors of the association shall have...

§ 55.1-2212. Time-share owners' association books and records; meetings; use of email - A. Subject to the provisions of subsection B, all books...

§ 55.1-2213. Time-share estate owners' association annual report - A. Commencing with the time-share estate program and within 180...

§ 55.1-2214. Time-share instrument for project - In addition to the requirements of § 55.1-2208, the time-share...

§ 55.1-2215. Partition - No action for partition of a unit may be maintained...

§ 55.1-2216. Termination of certain time-shares - A. This section applies to all time-share estate programs and,...

§ 55.1-2217. Public offering statement - A. Prior to the execution of a contract for the...

§ 55.1-2218. Certain advertising practices regulated - A. Any offering that includes a gift or prize shall...

§ 55.1-2219. Exchange programs - A. Any exchange company that offers an exchange program in...

§ 55.1-2220. Escrow of deposits; use of corporate surety bond or irrevocable letter of credit - A. Any deposit made in connection with the purchase or...

§ 55.1-2221. Purchaser's rights of cancellation - A. A purchaser shall have the right to cancel the...

§ 55.1-2222. Possibility of reverter - A. A possibility of reverter contained in a reverter deed...

§ 55.1-2223. Recording and delivery of deed - At such time as the time-share estate purchaser has fulfilled...

§ 55.1-2224. Liability limited; liability actions prohibited - A. Except as provided in subsection B, a project professional...

§ 55.1-2225. Warning required - A. The developer, association, or other project professional shall post...

§ 55.1-2226. Buyer's Acknowledgment - A. Prior to the execution of a purchase contract, a...

§ 55.1-2227. Resale of time-shares - A. In the event of any resale of a time-share...

§ 55.1-2228. Required resale disclosures - A. In addition to the requirements of § 55.1-2242, before...

§ 55.1-2229. Liens - A. In the case of time-share estate transfers, unless the...

§ 55.1-2230. Effect of violations on rights of action; attorney fees; prior determination of Common Interest Community Board required for certain violations - A. If a developer or any other person subject to...

§ 55.1-2231. Statute of limitations; actions; limitation on rescission rights - A. Except as otherwise provided in § 55.1-2237, a judicial...

§ 55.1-2232. Class actions - A. No time-share owner can bring an action on behalf...

§ 55.1-2233. Financial records - The person or entity responsible for either making or collecting...

§ 55.1-2234. Developer's obligation to complete - A. The developer shall complete all promised and incomplete units...

§ 55.1-2235. Financing of time-share programs - In the developer's financing of a time-share program, the developer...

§ 55.1-2236. Purchaser's rights under developer's foreclosure - The developer whose project is subject to an underlying blanket...

§ 55.1-2237. Protection of lien holder - Any lien holder of a time-share interest in any time-share...

§ 55.1-2238. Registration of time-share program required - A. A developer may not offer or dispose of any...

§ 55.1-2239. Application for registration - A. The application for registration shall be filed in a...

§ 55.1-2240. Filing fee - The Board may by regulation establish reasonable fees for registration....

§ 55.1-2241. Receipt of application; effectiveness of registration - A. Upon receipt of the application for registration in proper...

§ 55.1-2242. Annual report; amendments - A. The developer shall file a report in the form...

§ 55.1-2243. Termination of registration - A. In a time-share estate program, if the annual report...

§ 55.1-2244. Registration required for time-share resellers; exemptions; prohibited practices - A. A reseller shall not provide or offer to provide...

§ 55.1-2245. Recordkeeping by resellers - A. If contact information has been obtained by a reseller...

§ 55.1-2246. Alternative purchase; registration - A. The application for registration of an alternative purchase shall...

§ 55.1-2247. General powers and duties of Board - A. The Board may adopt, amend, and repeal rules and...

§ 55.1-2248. Cancellation of cease and desist order; reinstatement of registration of developer - A. The Board shall stipulate to the developer or reseller...

§ 55.1-2249. Board regulation of public offering statement - The Board may at any time require a developer to...

§ 55.1-2250. Proceedings and investigations - A. All proceedings of the Board under this chapter shall...

§ 55.1-2251. Repealed - Repealed by Acts 2019, c. 499, cl. 2.

§ 55.1-2252. Penalties - A. Any person who willfully violates any of the provisions...

Chapter 23 - Subdivided Land Sales Act

§ 55.1-2300. Definitions - As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a...

§ 55.1-2301. Exemptions - Unless the method of disposition is adopted for the purposes...

§ 55.1-2302. Transfer of ownership - It is unlawful for the developer to transfer fee simple...

§ 55.1-2303. Blanket encumbrances - A. It is unlawful for any developer or agent to...

§ 55.1-2304. Restraints on alienation - Provided that selling or leasing a lot is not specifically...

§ 55.1-2305. Management, regulation, and control of subdivisions with common facilities or property owners' associations - A. The covenants, deed restrictions, articles of incorporation, bylaws, or...

§ 55.1-2306. Penalties - Any person violating any of the provisions of §§ 55.1-2302...

Chapter 24 - Escheats

§ 55.1-2400. Definition - As used in this chapter, "known" in terms of determining...

§ 55.1-2401. Appointment of escheators - The Governor shall appoint one escheator for every judicial circuit...

§ 55.1-2402. Bond of escheator - Each escheator shall give bond for the judicial circuit for...

§ 55.1-2403. Increase or reduction of penalty of escheator's bond; effect - The court may, at any time, with reasonable notice to...

§ 55.1-2404. Annual report to escheator; lands not liable - Each treasurer shall, every May, furnish to the escheator of...

§ 55.1-2405. Escheator to hold inquest; notice of inquest - On receiving a list compiled pursuant to § 55.1-2404, or...

§ 55.1-2406. Jury of inquest; presentation of evidence - The sheriff of the county or city shall summon and...

§ 55.1-2407. Attendance of jurors; compensation - If any person summoned or adjourned as a juror fails...

§ 55.1-2408. How verdict signed; where returned and recorded - When the inquest is concluded and the verdict concurred in...

§ 55.1-2409. Proceedings to claim land escheated - When the verdict on an inquest is for the Commonwealth,...

§ 55.1-2410. Trial by jury; judgment of court - Upon a petition filed pursuant to § 55.1-2409, the court...

§ 55.1-2411. Facts or evidence to be certified - If witnesses are sworn before the court or jury, the...

§ 55.1-2412. Lands may be committed to claimant while claim pending - Pending the petition, the court may commit the lands, or...

§ 55.1-2413. Disposition of lands while claim is pending, if not committed to claimant - If the escheator leases property remaining in his hands, he...

§ 55.1-2414. Escheator to notify State Treasurer of claim and decision - The escheator shall certify to the State Treasurer, within 60...

§ 55.1-2415. Escheators to certify lands escheated - Every escheator shall, within 60 days after an inquest that...

§ 55.1-2416. Removal of parcels from the certificate - If the escheator finds that the escheat of a parcel...

§ 55.1-2417. Escheat of property with hazardous materials - In addition to any other remedy provided by law, the...

§ 55.1-2418. Publication of escheator's certificate - The State Treasurer shall cause the contents of the certificate...

§ 55.1-2419. Order of sale by Governor - Not less than six months after the publication of the...

§ 55.1-2420. Form of sale agreement; notice of right to refund - A sale agreement for the purchase of escheated property shall...

§ 55.1-2421. When grant to issue to purchaser; reimbursable expenses - A. When the escheator sells for cash, he shall certify...

§ 55.1-2422. Form of grant of escheated property - A grant of escheated property shall be without warranty and...

§ 55.1-2423. Governor to sign and seal grant; Librarian of Virginia to record it; delivery to and by State Treasurer - The State Treasurer shall deliver such grant of escheated property...

§ 55.1-2424. Recordation of certified copy of grant - The clerk shall accept for recordation a copy of the...

§ 55.1-2425. Resale in case of default - If the purchaser does not pay the purchase money into...

§ 55.1-2426. Reports by escheators to State Treasurer - The escheator shall file reports with the State Treasurer as...

§ 55.1-2427. Reports by State Treasurer to the Governor; penalty on escheators for failure of duty - The State Treasurer shall, every May 1, file a report...

§ 55.1-2428. State Treasurer may examine records of any escheator, commissioner of the revenue, or treasurer - The State Treasurer may at reasonable times and upon reasonable...

§ 55.1-2429. When State Treasurer to issue grant to purchaser - The State Treasurer shall not request that the Governor issue...

§ 55.1-2430. Escheator's pay - Except as otherwise provided in this section, the escheator shall...

§ 55.1-2431. Escheat of estates in trust and equitable titles - An estate vested in a person solely by mortgage or...

§ 55.1-2432. Provision in favor of tenant of escheated land - If any person holds any escheated land under a lease...

§ 55.1-2433. In favor of creditor of decedent - If any debt of a person who died in possession...

§ 55.1-2434. Escheators to defend on behalf of Commonwealth - The escheator shall answer and defend on the part of...

§ 55.1-2435. Recovery by escheator of decedent's escheated residue and of property abandoned or derelict; fee - The residue of a decedent's estate consisting of real property...

§ 55.1-2436. Publication of action; what to state and require - When any action is instituted pursuant to § 55.1-2435, the...

§ 55.1-2437. Order of the court - If no person appears and shows that he has title...

§ 55.1-2438. How money paid into state treasury from escheats may be recovered - A. If within 120 days from the date of sale,...

§ 55.1-2439. Regulations of the State Treasurer - The State Treasurer shall adopt any necessary regulations in accordance...

§ 55.1-2440. Continuation of certain statutes - The first section of Chapter 114 of the Code of...

§ 55.1-2441. Pendency of escheat proceedings no bar to condemnation proceedings - Notwithstanding any provision contained in this chapter, the Commissioner of...

Chapter 25 - Virginia Disposition of Unclaimed Property Act

§ 55.1-2500. Definitions - As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a...

§ 55.1-2501. Property presumed abandoned; general rule - All tangible and intangible property, including any income or increment...

§ 55.1-2502. Taking custody of intangible unclaimed property; general rules - Unless otherwise provided in this chapter or by other law...

§ 55.1-2503. Bank deposits and funds in financial organizations - A. Any demand, savings, or matured time deposit with a...

§ 55.1-2504. Traveler's checks and money orders - A. Except as otherwise provided in this section, any sum...

§ 55.1-2505. Checks, drafts, and similar instruments issued or certified by banking and financial organizations - Any sum payable on a check, draft, or similar instrument,...

§ 55.1-2506. Contents of safe deposit box or other safekeeping repository - All tangible and intangible property held in a safe deposit...

§ 55.1-2507. Funds owing under life insurance policies - A. Funds held or owing under any life or endowment...

§ 55.1-2508. Intangible personal property held by insurance corporation subject to § 55.1-2501 - An insurance corporation holding any other intangible personal property not...

§ 55.1-2509. Unclaimed demutualization proceeds - Unclaimed property payable or distributable in the course of the...

§ 55.1-2510. Deposits held by utilities - Any deposit, including any interest thereon, made by a subscriber...

§ 55.1-2511. Intangible interest in business association - A. Any intangible interest in a business association, as evidenced...

§ 55.1-2512. Refunds held by business associations - Except to the extent otherwise ordered by a court or...

§ 55.1-2513. Property of business associations held in course of dissolution - All intangible property distributable in the course of a voluntary...

§ 55.1-2514. Intangible personal property held in fiduciary capacity - A. All intangible personal property, and any income or increment...

§ 55.1-2515. Gift certificates and credit balances - A. Except as described in subsection B, a gift certificate...

§ 55.1-2516. Wages - Unpaid wages, including wages represented by unpresented payroll checks owing...

§ 55.1-2517. Intangible property held for owner by public agency - All intangible property held for the owner by any government...

§ 55.1-2518. Property held by courts - All intangible property held for the owner by any state...

§ 55.1-2519. Responsibilities of general receiver and clerk - The general receiver, if one has been appointed, and the...

§ 55.1-2520. Employee benefit trust distribution - A. All employee benefit trust distributions and any income or...

§ 55.1-2521. Holder of tangible or intangible personal property may voluntarily report such property - Any holder of tangible or intangible personal property the owner...

§ 55.1-2522. Certain property not presumed abandoned in the Commonwealth - If specific property that is subject to the provisions of...

§ 55.1-2523. Interstate agreements and cooperation - A. The administrator may enter into agreements with other states...

§ 55.1-2524. Report and remittance to be made by holder of funds or property presumed abandoned; holder to exercise due diligence to locate owner - A. Every person holding funds or other property, tangible or...

§ 55.1-2525. Notices to be published by administrator - A. The administrator shall cause to be published notice of...

§ 55.1-2526. Holder relieved of liability for property paid or delivered to administrator; payment to owner by holder; proceedings against prior holder; notice to administrator and Attorney General; reimbursement of holder - A. Upon the payment or delivery of abandoned property to...

§ 55.1-2527. Crediting of dividends, interest, or increments to owner's account - Whenever property other than money is paid or delivered to...

§ 55.1-2528. Periods of limitation - A. The expiration of any period of time specified by...

§ 55.1-2529. Sale of abandoned property by administrator - A. Except as provided in subsection C, all abandoned property...

§ 55.1-2530. Securities received in name of owner - Whenever the administrator receives securities under this chapter in the...

§ 55.1-2531. Disposition of funds received under chapter; records to be kept by administrator - A. All funds received under this chapter, including the proceeds...

§ 55.1-2532. Filing claim to property or proceeds of sale of such property - A. Any person claiming an interest in any property delivered...

§ 55.1-2533. Consideration of and hearing on claim by administrator; payment; interest - A. The administrator shall consider any claim for property held...

§ 55.1-2534. Judicial review of decision of administrator - Any person aggrieved by an act or decision of the...

§ 55.1-2535. Election of administrator not to receive property or to postpone taking possession of funds - The administrator, after receiving reports of property deemed abandoned pursuant...

§ 55.1-2536. Requests for verified reports and examinations of records - A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the administrator...

§ 55.1-2537. Retention of records - A. Every holder required to file a report under §...

§ 55.1-2538. Confidentiality of information and records - Any information or records required to be furnished to the...

§ 55.1-2539. Enforcement of chapter - The administrator may bring an action in a court of...

§ 55.1-2540. Interest and penalties - A. Any person who fails to pay or deliver property...

§ 55.1-2541. Determinations; appeal procedures; regulations of administrator - A. For the purposes of this section, "jeopardized by delay"...

§ 55.1-2542. Agreements to locate reported property; penalty - A. It is unlawful for any person to seek or...

§ 55.1-2543. Property presumed abandoned or escheated under laws of another state - This chapter shall not apply to any property that has...

§ 55.1-2544. Property held or payable pursuant to Title 51.1 - This chapter shall not apply to any funds or other...

§ 55.1-2545. Construction of chapter - This chapter shall be construed so as to effectuate its...

Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums

§ 55.1-2600. Definitions - As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a...

§ 55.1-2601. Status of loaned property; statute of limitations on recovery - A. Except as may be otherwise provided in a written...

§ 55.1-2602. Notice to lenders of the provisions of this chapter - When a museum accepts a loan of property, the museum...

§ 55.1-2603. Status of title to property acquired from museum - Any person who purchases property from a museum acquires good...

§ 55.1-2604. Notice of termination of loan; content of notice - A. If the property was loaned to the museum for...

§ 55.1-2605. Procedure for giving notice of termination of a loan of property; responsibility of owner of loaned property - A. To give notice of termination of a loan of...

§ 55.1-2606. Acquiring title to undocumented property - A. A museum shall have the authority to acquire legal...

§ 55.1-2607. Status of property loaned to or deposited with museum prior to July 1, 2002 - Except as otherwise provided in a written agreement between a...

Chapter 27 - Drift Property

§ 55.1-2700. Who is entitled to drift property - When any property other than abandoned watercraft has drifted on...

§ 55.1-2701. Conditions on which owner may remove drift property - The owner of property described in § 55.1-2700, after he...

§ 55.1-2702. When owner of land may sell drift property; owner of property entitled to proceeds after payment of expenses, etc. - If the owner of drift property described in § 55.1-2700...

§ 55.1-2703. Right of property to be proved - In any action relating to the ownership of any property...

Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences

§ 55.1-2800. Definition - As used in this article, "electric fence" means a fence...

§ 55.1-2801. Unlawful to sell, distribute, construct, install, maintain, or use certain electric fences upon agricultural land - A. It is unlawful for any person to sell, distribute,...

§ 55.1-2802. Unlawful to sell other controlling devices unless they meet certain standards - A. A controlling device that does not conform to the...

§ 55.1-2803. Penalty - Any person who violates any provision of this article is...

§ 55.1-2804. Description of lawful fence - Every fence shall be deemed a lawful fence as to...

§ 55.1-2805. Proceeding to declare stream of water or canal a lawful fence - A. The circuit court of any county, upon a petition...

§ 55.1-2806. Boundary lines of certain low grounds on James River a lawful fence - The owners and occupants of low grounds on either side...

§ 55.1-2807. Statutes declaring watercourses lawful fences continued - All acts declaring any river, stream, or watercourse, or any...

§ 55.1-2808. Property owner may place cattle guards or gates across right-of-way - Any owner of property on which there is a road...

§ 55.1-2809. Persons having easement may replace gate with cattle guard; maintenance and use thereof; deemed lawful gate - Any person having an easement of right-of-way across the lands...

§ 55.1-2810. Damages for trespass by animals; punitive and double damages - A. If any domesticated livestock enters into any grounds enclosed...

§ 55.1-2811. Lien on animals - If the court enters judgment for the owner or tenant...

§ 55.1-2812. Impounding animals - Whenever any animal is found trespassing upon any grounds enclosed...

§ 55.1-2813. Duty to issue warrant when animal impounded - An owner or tenant of lands trespassed upon by any...

§ 55.1-2814. How governing body of county may make local fence law - The board of supervisors or other governing body in any...

§ 55.1-2815. Effect of such law on certain fences - A declaration made by ordinance adopted pursuant to § 55.1-2814...

§ 55.1-2816. Application to railroad companies - No action taken under the provisions of § 55.1-2814 shall...

§ 55.1-2817. No authority to adopt more stringent fence laws - Nothing in § 55.1-2814 shall authorize or require the boards...

§ 55.1-2818. Effect on existing fence laws or no-fence laws - Nothing in § 55.1-2814 shall repeal the existing fence laws...

§ 55.1-2819. Lands under quarantine - The boundary line of each lot or tract of land...

§ 55.1-2820. When unlawful for animals to run at large - It is unlawful for the owner or manager of any...

§ 55.1-2821. Obligation to provide division fences - Adjoining landowners shall build and maintain, at their joint and...

§ 55.1-2822. When no division fence has been built - If no division fence has been built, either one of...

§ 55.1-2823. When division fence already built - When any fence (i) that has been built and used...

§ 55.1-2824. Recovery of amount due in connection with division fence - Any sum that may be due and payable by one...

§ 55.1-2825. Requirements for agreement to bind successors in title; subsequent owners - No agreement made between adjoining landowners, with respect to the...

§ 55.1-2826. How notice given - Any notice required to be given pursuant to this article...

§ 55.1-2827. Courts to fix boundaries of villages to prevent animals from running at large - The circuit court of any county in which is situated...

§ 55.1-2828. Petition for action to fix boundaries of village or unincorporated community - Twenty or more landowners residing within the boundaries referred to...

§ 55.1-2829. Entry of order if petition not contested - A petition filed pursuant to § 55.1-2828, if verified by...

§ 55.1-2830. Procedure in case of contest - Any person having a lawful interest in any land within...

§ 55.1-2831. Order of court - The court shall enter an order fixing the boundaries of...

§ 55.1-2832. Animals shall not run at large after entry of order - After the expiration of 10 days from the date of...

§ 55.1-2833. Costs - If the petition is uncontested, the costs shall be borne...

§ 55.1-2834. Owner of domesticated livestock liable for trespasses - If any domesticated livestock, as to which the boundaries of...

§ 55.1-2835. Damages recoverable for timber cutting - If any person, firm, or corporation encroaches and cuts timber,...

§ 55.1-2836. Procedure for determination of damage - A. The owner of the land on which a trespass...

§ 55.1-2837. When person damaged may proceed in court - If the amount specified in subsection B of § 55.1-2836...

§ 55.1-2838. Larceny of timber; penalty - A. Any person who knowingly and willfully takes, steals, and...

§ 55.1-2839. Larceny of timber; failure to remit payment to owner; penalty - A. Any person who buys timber directly from the owner...

§ 55.1-2840. Load tickets required for certain sales of timber; penalty - A. Whenever a timber buyer acquires timber and the load...

§ 55.1-2841. Effect of article - Nothing in this article shall have the effect of precluding...

Chapter 29 - Virginia Self-Service Storage Act

§ 55.1-2900. Definitions - As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a...

§ 55.1-2901. Lien on personal property stored within a leased space - A. The owner shall have a lien on all personal...

§ 55.1-2902. Enforcement of lien - A. 1. If any occupant is in default under a...

§ 55.1-2903. Other legal remedies may be used - The provisions of this chapter shall not preempt or limit...

§ 55.1-2904. Care, custody, and control of property - Unless the rental agreement specifically provides otherwise, the exclusive care,...

§ 55.1-2905. Savings clause - All rental agreements, entered into prior to July 1, 1981,...

§ 55.1-2906. Effective date and application of chapter - The provisions of this chapter shall apply to all rental...

Chapter 30 - Residential Executory Real Estate Contracts Act

§ 55.1-3000. Definitions - As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a...

§ 55.1-3001. Exemptions - The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to residential...

§ 55.1-3002. Provisions applicable to residential executory real estate contracts - A. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a residential executory...

§ 55.1-3003. Board for Housing and Community Development; development of best practice provisions for residential executory real estate contracts - The Board for Housing and Community Development shall develop and...

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Code of Virginia Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances

Code of Virginia
Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances