(a) Incorporators and directors.--Except as otherwise provided in the bylaws, one or more persons may participate in a meeting of the incorporators or the board of directors of a business corporation by means of conference telephone or other electronic technology by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other. Participation in a meeting pursuant to this subsection shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.
(b) Shareholders.--Except as otherwise provided in the bylaws, the presence or participation, including voting and taking other action, by a shareholder at a meeting of shareholders by conference telephone or other electronic technology constitutes the presence or participation, including voting and taking other action, by the shareholder for the purposes of this subpart.
(c) Exclusive use of electronic technology.--Unless the bylaws provide expressly that a meeting of shareholders may not be held solely by means of electronic technology, a meeting of the shareholders does not need to be held at a geographic location if the meeting is held by means of electronic technology in a fashion pursuant to which the shareholders have a reasonable opportunity to participate in the meeting, read or hear the proceedings substantially concurrently with their occurrence, vote on matters submitted to the shareholders and, subject to such guidelines and procedures as the board of directors may adopt, make appropriate motions and comment on the business of the meeting. Any guidelines or procedures adopted by the board must comply with sections 1709(c) (relating to conduct of shareholders meeting) and 1758(e) (relating to voting rights of shareholders).
(Dec. 19, 1990, P.L.834, No.198, eff. imd.; June 22, 2001, P.L.418, No.34, eff. 60 days; Nov. 3, 2022, P.L.1791, No.122, eff. 60 days)
Cross References. Section 1708 is referred to in sections 1704, 1758, 2522 of this title.
Structure Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes
Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes
Title 15 - CORPORATIONS AND UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS
Chapter 17 - Officers, Directors and Shareholders
Section 1701 - Applicability of subchapter
Section 1702 - Manner of giving notice
Section 1703 - Place and notice of meetings of board of directors
Section 1704 - Place and notice of meetings of shareholders
Section 1705 - Waiver of notice
Section 1706 - Modification of proposal contained in notice
Section 1707 - Exception to requirement of notice
Section 1708 - Use of conference telephone or other electronic technology
Section 1709 - Conduct of shareholders meeting
Section 1711 - Alternative provisions
Section 1712 - Standard of care, justifiable reliance and business judgment rule
Section 1713 - Personal liability of directors
Section 1714 - Presumption of assent
Section 1715 - Exercise of powers generally
Section 1716 - Alternative standard
Section 1717 - Limitation on standing
Section 1718 - Inconsistent articles ineffective
Section 1719 - Renunciation of business opportunities
Section 1721 - Board of directors
Section 1722 - Qualifications of directors
Section 1723 - Number of directors
Section 1724 - Term of office of directors
Section 1725 - Selection of directors
Section 1726 - Removal of directors
Section 1727 - Quorum of and action by directors
Section 1728 - Interested directors or officers; quorum
Section 1729 - Voting rights of directors
Section 1730 - Compensation of directors
Section 1731 - Executive and other committees of the board
Section 1733 - Removal of officers and agents
Section 1734 - Officer's standard of care and justifiable reliance
Section 1735 - Personal liability of officers
Section 1741 - Third-party actions
Section 1742 - Derivative and corporate actions
Section 1743 - Mandatory indemnification
Section 1744 - Procedure for effecting indemnification
Section 1745 - Advancing expenses
Section 1746 - Supplementary coverage
Section 1747 - Power to purchase insurance
Section 1748 - Application to surviving or new corporations
Section 1749 - Application to employee benefit plans
Section 1750 - Duration and extent of coverage
Section 1755 - Time of holding meetings of shareholders
Section 1757 - Action by shareholders
Section 1758 - Voting rights of shareholders
Section 1759 - Voting and other action by proxy
Section 1760 - Voting by fiduciaries and pledgees
Section 1761 - Voting by joint holders of shares
Section 1762 - Voting by corporations
Section 1763 - Determination of shareholders of record
Section 1765 - Judges of election
Section 1766 - Consent of shareholders in lieu of meeting
Section 1767 - Appointment of custodian of corporation on deadlock or other cause
Section 1768 - Voting trusts and other agreements among shareholders
Section 1769 - Minors as securityholders
Section 1770 - Interested shareholders (Repealed)
Section 1781 - Derivative action
Section 1782 - Eligible shareholder plaintiffs and security for costs
Section 1783 - Special litigation committee
Section 1784 - Proceeds and expenses
Section 1791 - Corporate action subject to subchapter