Vermont Statutes
Chapter 101 - Insurance Companies Generally
§ 3461. Definitions

§ 3461. Definitions
As used in this chapter:
(1) “Admitted assets” means assets permitted to be reported as admitted assets on the annual statutory financial statement of the insurer for the next preceding year or as shown by a current financial statement.
(2) “Appraised” or “appraised value” when used in connection with real estate shall refer to appraisals made or examined and approved by an insurer or its agents. An insurer shall have the right to make one or more renewals or extensions of a loan secured by real estate, provided any renewal or extension is based upon a reexamination of the facts and upon an appraisal made within three years.
(3) “Asset-backed security” means a security or other instrument, excluding a mutual fund, evidencing an interest in, or the right to receive payments from, or payable from distributions on, an admitted asset, a pool of admitted assets, or specifically divisible cash flows which are legally transferred to a trust or another special purpose bankruptcy-remote business entity, on the following conditions:
(A) The trust or other business entity is established solely for the purpose of acquiring specific types of admitted assets or rights to cash flows, issuing securities and other instruments representing an interest in or right to receive cash flows from those admitted assets or rights, and engaging in activities required to service the admitted assets or rights and any credit enhancement or support features held by the trust or other business entity.
(B) The admitted assets of the trust or other business entity consist solely of interest-bearing obligations or other contractual obligations representing the right to receive payment from the cash flows from the admitted assets or rights. However, the existence of credit enhancements, such as letters of credit or guarantees, or support features such as swap agreements, shall not cause a security or other instrument to be ineligible as an asset-backed security.
(4) “Canada” means Canada, any province of Canada, or any political subdivision of Canada.
(5) “Cap” means an agreement obligating the seller to make payments to the buyer, with each payment based on the amount by which a reference price or level or the performance or value of one or more underlying interests exceeds a predetermined number, sometimes called the strike rate or strike price.
(6) “Collar” means an agreement to receive payments as the buyer of an option, cap, or floor and to make payments as the seller of a different option, cap, or floor.
(7) “Counterparty exposure amount” means:
(A) The net amount of credit risk attributable to a derivative instrument entered into with a business entity other than through a qualified exchange or qualified foreign exchange or cleared through a qualified clearinghouse. Such derivative instruments are hereinafter referred to as “over-the-counter derivative instruments.” The amount of credit risk equals:
(i) the market value of the over-the-counter derivative instrument if the liquidation of the derivative instrument would result in a final cash payment to the insurer; or
(ii) zero, if the liquidation of the derivative instrument would not result in a final cash payment to the insurer.
(B) If over-the-counter derivative instruments are entered into under a written master agreement that provides for netting of payments owed by the respective parties, and the domiciliary jurisdiction of the counterparty is either within the United States or, if not within the United States, within a foreign jurisdiction listed in the Purposes and Procedures of the NAIC Investment Analysis Office as eligible for netting, the net amount of credit risk shall be the greater of zero or the net sum of:
(i) the market value of the over-the-counter derivative instruments entered into under the agreement, the liquidation of which would result in a final cash payment to the insurer; and
(ii) the market value of the over-the-counter derivative instruments entered into under the agreement, the liquidation of which would result in a final cash payment by the insurer to the business entity.
(C) For open transactions, market value shall be determined at the end of the most recent quarter of the insurer’s fiscal year and shall be reduced by the market value of acceptable collateral held by the insurer or placed in escrow by one or both parties.
(8) “Covered” means that an insurer owns or can immediately acquire, through the exercise of options, warrants, or conversion rights already owned, the underlying interest in order to fulfill or secure its obligations under a call option, cap, or floor it has written or has set aside under a custodial or escrow agreement cash or cash equivalents with a market value equal to the amount required to fulfill its obligations under a put option it has written, in an income generation transaction.
(9) “Derivative instrument” means an agreement, option, instrument, or a series or combination thereof:
(A) to make or take delivery of, or assume or relinquish, a specified amount of one or more underlying interests or to make a cash settlement in lieu thereof; or
(B) that has a price, performance, value, or cash flow based primarily upon the actual or expected price, level, performance, value, or cash flow of one or more underlying interests. Derivative instruments include options, warrants used in a hedging transaction and not attached to another financial instrument, caps, floors, collars, swaps, forwards, futures, and any other agreements, options, or instruments substantially similar thereto or any series or combination thereof and any agreements, options, or instruments permitted under this chapter. Derivative instruments shall not include an investment authorized under subdivisions 3463(a)(1) through (a)(14) and (a)(16) through (a)(29) of this title.
(10) “Derivative transaction” means a transaction involving the use of one or more derivative instruments.
(11) “Direct” when used in connection with “obligation” means that a designated obligor shall be primarily liable on the instrument representing the obligation.
(12) “Domestic jurisdiction” means the United States, any state of the United States, or any political subdivision of any of the foregoing.
(13) “Equity interest” means any of the following that are not rated credit instruments:
(A) common stock;
(B) preferred stock;
(C) trust certificate;
(D) equity investment in an investment company other than a money market mutual fund or a listed bond mutual fund;
(E) investment in a common trust fund of a bank regulated by a federal or state agency;
(F) an ownership interest in minerals, oil, or gas, the rights to which have been separated from the underlying fee interest in the real estate where the minerals, oil, or gas is located;
(G) instruments that are mandatorily, or at the option of the issuer, convertible to equity;
(H) limited partnership interests;
(I) member interests in limited liability companies;
(J) warrants or other rights to acquire equity interests that are created by the person that owns or would issue the equity to be acquired; or
(K) instruments that would be rated credit instruments except for the provisions of subdivision (39)(B) of this section.
(14) “Floor” means an agreement obligating the seller to make payments to the buyer in which each payment is based on the amount by which a predetermined number, sometimes called the floor rate or price, exceeds a reference price, level, performance, or value of one or more underlying interests.
(15)(A) “Foreign investment” means an investment in a foreign jurisdiction, or an investment in a person, real estate, or asset domiciled in a foreign jurisdiction, that is substantially of the same type as those eligible for investment under this subchapter, other than under subdivision 3463(a)(28) of this title. An investment shall not be deemed to be foreign if the issuing person, qualified primary credit source, or qualified guarantor is a domestic jurisdiction or Canada or a person domiciled in a domestic jurisdiction or Canada, unless:
(i) the issuing person is a shell business entity; and
(ii) the investment is not assumed, accepted, guaranteed, or insured or otherwise backed by a domestic jurisdiction or Canada or a person that is not a shell business entity domiciled in a domestic jurisdiction or Canada.
(B) For purposes of this definition:
(i) “Qualified guarantor” means a guarantor against which an insurer has a direct claim for full and timely payment, evidenced by a contractual right for which an enforcement action can be brought in a domestic jurisdiction or Canada.
(ii) “Qualified primary credit source” means the credit source to which an insurer looks for payment as to an investment and against which an insurer has a direct claim for full and timely payment, evidenced by a contractual right for which an enforcement action can be brought in a domestic jurisdiction or Canada.
(iii) “Shell business entity” means a business entity having no economic substance except as a vehicle for owning interests in assets issued, owned, or previously owned by a person domiciled in a foreign jurisdiction.
(16) “Foreign jurisdiction” means a jurisdiction other than a domestic jurisdiction or Canada.
(17) “Forward” means an agreement (other than a future) to make or take delivery of, or effect a cash settlement based on the actual or expected price, level, performance, or value of, one or more underlying interests.
(18) “Future” means an agreement, traded on a qualified exchange or qualified foreign exchange, to make or take delivery of, or effect a cash settlement based on the actual or expected price, level, performance, or value of, one or more underlying interests.
(19) “Guaranteed” means that the guarantor will perform the obligation of the obligor or will purchase the obligation to the extent of the guaranty.
(20) “Hedging transaction” means a derivative transaction that is entered into and maintained to reduce:
(A) the risk of a change in the value, yield, price, cash flow, or quantity of assets or liabilities that the insurer has acquired or incurred or anticipates acquiring or incurring; or
(B) the currency exchange rate risk or the degree of exposure as to assets or liabilities that an insurer has acquired or incurred or anticipates acquiring or incurring.
(21) “High grade investment” means a rated credit instrument rated 1 or 2 by the SVO or that meets and continues to meet the conditions for exemption as provided in section 3461d of this title.
(22) “Income generation transaction” means a derivative transaction involving the writing of covered call options, covered put options, covered caps, or covered floors that is intended to generate income or enhance return.
(23) “Institution” or “business entity” includes a sole proprietorship, corporation, limited liability company, association, partnership, joint stock company, joint venture, mutual fund, trust, joint tenancy, or other similar form of business organization, whether organized for profit or not for profit.
(24) “Listed bond mutual fund” means a mutual fund that at all times qualifies for inclusion on the “bond fund list” within the Purposes and Procedures of the NAIC Investment Analysis Office or any successor publication.
(25) “Lower grade investment” or “lower grade obligation” means a rated credit instrument rated 4, 5, or 6 by the SVO.
(26) “Medium grade investment” or “medium grade obligation” means a rated credit instrument rated 3 by the SVO.
(27) “Money market mutual fund” means a mutual fund that meets the conditions of 17 C.F.R. Part 270.2a-7, under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. § 80a-1 et seq.), as amended or renumbered.
(28) “Mortgage loan” means an obligation secured by a mortgage, deed of trust, trust deed, or other consensual lien on real estate.
(29) “Mutual fund” means an investment company or, in the case of an investment company that is organized as a series company, an investment company series that, in either case, is registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. § 80a-1 et seq.), as amended.
(30) “NAIC” means the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
(31) “Obligation” means a bond, note, debenture, trust certificate, including an equipment certificate, production payment, negotiable bank certificate of deposit, bankers’ acceptance, credit tenant plan, loan secured by financing net leases, and other evidence of indebtedness for the payment of money (or participations, certificates, or other evidences of interest in any of the foregoing).
(32) “Option” means an agreement giving the buyer the right to buy or receive (a “call option”), sell or deliver (a “put option”), enter into, extend, or terminate or effect a cash settlement based on the actual or expected price, level, performance, or value of one or more underlying interests.
(33) “Potential exposure” means the amount determined in accordance with the NAIC Annual Statement Instructions.
(34) “Qualified bank” means:
(A) a national bank, state bank, or trust company that at all times is no less than adequately capitalized as determined by standards adopted by U.S. banking regulators, and that is either regulated by state banking laws or is a member of the Federal Reserve System; or
(B) a bank or trust company incorporated or organized under the laws of a country other than the United States that is regulated as a bank or trust company by that country’s government or an agency thereof and that at all times is no less than adequately capitalized as determined by the standards adopted by international banking authorities.
(35) “Qualified clearinghouse” means a clearinghouse for, and subject to the rules of, a qualified exchange or a qualified foreign exchange, which provides clearing services, including acting as a counterparty to each of the parties to a transaction, such that the parties no longer have credit risk as to each other.
(36) “Qualified exchange” means:
(A) a securities exchange registered as a national securities exchange or a securities market regulated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. § 78 et seq.), as amended;
(B) a board of trade or commodities exchange designated as a contract market by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission or any successor thereof;
(C) Private Offerings, Resales and Trading through Automated Linkages (PORTAL);
(D) a designated offshore securities market as defined in Securities Exchange Commission Regulation S, 17 C.F.R. Part 230, as amended; or
(E) a qualified foreign exchange.
(37) “Qualified foreign exchange” means a foreign exchange, board of trade, or contract market located outside the United States, its territories, or possessions:
(A) that has received regulatory comparability relief under Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Rule 30.10 (as set forth in Appendix C to Part 30 of the CFTC’s Regulations, 17 C.F.R. Part 30);
(B) that is, or its members are, subject to the jurisdiction of a foreign futures authority that has received regulatory comparability relief under CFTC Rule 30.10 (as set forth in Appendix C to Part 30 of the CFTC’s Regulations, 17 C.F.R. Part 30) as to futures transactions in the jurisdiction where the exchange, board of trade, or contract market is located; or
(C) upon which foreign stock index futures contracts are listed that are the subject of no-action relief issued by the CFTC’s Office of General Counsel, provided that an exchange, board of trade, or contract market that qualifies as a “qualified foreign exchange” only under this subdivision shall only be a “qualified foreign exchange” as to foreign stock index futures contracts that are the subject of no-action relief.
(38)(A) “Rated credit instrument” means a contractual right to receive cash or another rated credit instrument from another entity, which instrument:
(i) is rated or required to be rated by the SVO or meets and continues to meet the conditions for exemption as provided in section 3461d of this title;
(ii) in the case of an instrument with a maturity of 397 days or less, is issued, guaranteed, or insured by an entity that is rated by, or another obligation of such entity is rated by, the SVO or by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization recognized by the SVO;
(iii) in the case of an instrument with a maturity of 90 days or less, is issued by a qualified bank;
(iv) is a share of a listed bond mutual fund; or
(v) is a share of a money market mutual fund.
(B) “Rated credit instrument” does not mean:
(i) an instrument that is mandatorily or, at the option of the issuer, convertible to an equity interest; or
(ii) a security that has a par value and whose terms provide that the issuer’s net obligation to repay all or part of the security’s par value is determined by reference to the performance of an equity, a commodity, a foreign currency, or an index of equities, commodities, foreign currencies, or combinations thereof.
(39) “Special rated credit instrument” means a rated credit instrument that is:
(A) An instrument that is structured so that, if it is held until retired by or on behalf of the issuer, its rate of return, based on its purchase cost and any cash flow stream possible under the structure of the transaction, may become negative due to reasons other than the credit risk associated with the issuer of the instrument; however, a rated credit instrument shall not be a special rated credit instrument under this subdivision if it is:
(i) a share in a listed bond mutual fund;
(ii) an instrument, other than an asset-backed security, with payments of par value fixed as to amount and timing, or callable but in any event payable only at par or greater, and interest or dividend cash flows that are based on either a fixed or variable rate determined by reference to a specified rate or index;
(iii) an instrument, other than an asset-backed security, that has a par value, and is purchased at a price no greater than 110 percent of par;
(iv) an instrument, including an asset-backed security, whose rate of return would become negative only as a result of a prepayment due to casualty, condemnation or economic obsolescence of collateral, or change of law;
(v) an asset-backed security that relies on collateral that meets the requirements of subdivision (ii) of this subdivision (39)(A), the par value of which collateral:
(I) is not permitted to be paid sooner than one-half of the remaining term to maturity from the date of acquisition;
(II) is permitted to be paid prior to maturity only at a premium sufficient to provide a yield to maturity for the investment, considering the amount prepaid and reinvestment rates at the time of early repayment, at least equal to the yield to maturity of the initial investment; or
(III) is permitted to be paid prior to maturity at a premium at least equal to the yield of a treasury issue of comparable remaining life; or
(vi) an asset-backed security that relies on cash flows from assets that are not prepayable at any time at par, but is not otherwise governed by subdivision (v) of this subdivision (39)(A), if the asset-backed security has a par value reflecting principal payments to be received if held until retired by or on behalf of the issuer, and is purchased at a price no greater than 105 percent of such par amount.
(B) An asset-backed security that:
(i) Relies on cash flows from assets that are prepayable at par at any time;
(ii) Does not make payments of par that are fixed as to amount and timing; and
(iii) Has a negative rate of return at the time of acquisition if a prepayment threshold assumption is used with such prepayment threshold assumption defined as either:
(I) Two times the prepayment expectation reported by a recognized, publicly available source as being the median of expectations contributed by broker dealers or other entities, except insurers, engaged in the business of selling or evaluating such securities or assets. The prepayment expectation used in this calculation shall be, at the insurer’s election, the prepayment expectation for pass-through securities of the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, the Government National Mortgage Association, or for other assets of the same type as the assets that underlie the asset-backed security, in either case with a gross weighted average coupon comparable to the gross weighted average coupon of the assets that underlie the asset-backed security; or
(II) Another prepayment threshold assumption specified by the Commissioner by rule.
(C) For purposes of subdivision (B) of this subdivision (39), if the asset-backed security is purchased in combination with one or more other asset-backed securities that are supported by identical underlying collateral, the insurer may calculate the rate of return for these specific combined asset-backed securities in combination. The insurer must maintain documentation demonstrating that such securities were acquired and are continuing to be held in combination.
(40) “State of the United States” means any state of the United States of America, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
(41) “SVO” means the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC or any successor office established by the NAIC.
(42) “Swap” means an agreement to exchange or to net payments at one or more times based on the actual or expected price, level, performance, or value of one or more underlying interests.
(43) “Underlying interest” means the assets, liabilities, other interests, or a combination thereof underlying a derivative instrument, such as any one or more securities, currencies, rates, indices, commodities, or derivative instruments.
(44) “Warrant” means an instrument that gives the holder the right to purchase an underlying financial instrument at a given price and time or at a series of prices and times outlined in the warrant agreement. Warrants may be issued alone or in connection with the sale of other securities, for example, as part of a merger or recapitalization agreement or to facilitate divestiture of the securities of another business entity. (Added 1967, No. 344 (Adj. Sess.), § 1 (ch. 1, subch. 5, art. 4, §§ 1-10); amended 1999, No. 84 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. April 19, 2000; 2017, No. 134 (Adj. Sess.), § 2.)

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