455B.392 Liability for cleanup costs.
1. a. A person having control over a hazardous substance is strictly liable to the state or a political subdivision for all of the following:
(1) The reasonable cleanup costs incurred by the state or its political subdivisions or the agents of the state or a political subdivision as a result of the failure of the person to clean up a hazardous substance involved in a hazardous condition caused by that person.
(2) The reasonable costs incurred by the state or its political subdivisions or the agents of the state or a political subdivision to evacuate people from the area threatened by a hazardous condition caused by the person.
(3) The reasonable damages to the state for the injury to, destruction of, or loss of natural resources resulting from a hazardous condition caused by that person including the costs of assessing the injury, destruction, or loss.
(4) The excessive and extraordinary cost incurred by the state or its political subdivisions or the agents of the state or a political subdivision in responding at and to the scene of a hazardous condition caused by that person.
b. If the failure is willful, the person is liable for punitive damages not to exceed triple the cleanup costs incurred by the state or its political subdivisions or the agents of the state or a political subdivision. Prompt and good faith notification to the state or a political subdivision by the person having control over a hazardous substance that the person does not have the resources or managerial capability to begin or continue cleanup, or a good faith effort to clean up, relieves the person of liability for punitive damages, but not for actual cleanup costs.
c. Claims under this subsection shall be made by the state agency or the political subdivision that incurred costs or damages under this subsection, and such costs or damages will be subject to administrative and judicial review, including the terms of chapter 17A when appropriate. If administrative or judicial review is sought, a political subdivision making a claim shall submit an advisory request to the department to determine whether the cleanup actions serving as the basis for the cleanup costs were consistent with this chapter. The department shall respond in writing to a request within thirty days of receiving the request.
2. Liability under subsection 1 is limited to the following maximum dollar limitations:
a. Five million dollars for any vehicle, boat, aircraft, pipeline, or other manner of conveyance which transports a hazardous substance.
b. Fifty million dollars for any facility generating, storing, or disposing of a hazardous substance.
3. There is no liability under this section for a person otherwise liable if the hazardous condition is solely resulting from one or more of the following:
a. An act of God.
b. An act of war.
c. (1) An act or omission of a third party if the person establishes both of the following:
(a) That taking into consideration the characteristics of the hazardous substance, the person otherwise liable exercised due care with respect to the hazardous substance.
(b) That the person otherwise liable took precautions against the foreseeable acts or omissions of the third party and the foreseeable consequences.
(2) As used in this paragraph, “third party” does not include an employee or agent of the person otherwise liable or a third party whose act or omission occurs directly or indirectly in connection with a contractual relationship with the person otherwise liable.
4. There is no liability under this section for a person otherwise liable if all of the following conditions exist:
a. The liability arises during the transportation of a hazardous substance.
b. The fact that the hazardous substance is a hazardous substance has been misrepresented to the person transporting the hazardous substance.
c. The person transporting the hazardous substance does not know or have reason to know that the misrepresentation has been made.
5. Money collected by the department pursuant to this section shall be deposited in the hazardous waste remedial fund created in section 455B.423. Moneys shall be used in the manner permitted for the fund. Moneys collected by a state agency other than the department of natural resources pursuant to this section are appropriated to that agency for purposes of reimbursing costs of the agency for emergency response activities described in subsection 1. Moneys collected by a political subdivision pursuant to this section shall be retained by the political subdivision and shall be used for purposes of reimbursing costs of the political subdivision for emergency response activities described in subsection 1.
6. This section does not deny any person any legal or equitable rights, remedies, or defenses or affect any legal relationship other than the legal relationship between the state or a political subdivision and a person having control over a hazardous substance pursuant to subsection 1.
7. a. There is no liability under this section for a person who has satisfied the requirements of section 455B.381, subsection 7, paragraph “b”, regardless of when that person acquired title or right to title to the hazardous condition site, except that a person otherwise exempt from liability under this subsection shall be liable to the state or a political subdivision for the lesser of:
(1) The total reasonable cleanup costs incurred by the state to clean up a hazardous substance at the hazardous condition site; or
(2) The amount representing the postcleanup fair market value of the property comprising the hazardous condition site.
b. Liability under this subsection shall only be imposed when the person holds title to the hazardous condition site at the time the state or a political subdivision incurs reasonable cleanup costs.
c. For purposes of this subsection, “postcleanup fair market value” means the actual amount of consideration received by such person upon sale or transfer of the hazardous condition site which has been cleaned up by the state or a political subdivision to a bona fide purchaser for value.
d. Cleanup expenses incurred by the state or a political subdivision shall be a lien upon the real estate constituting the hazardous condition site, recordable and collectible in the same manner as provided for in section 424.11, Code 2016, subject to the terms of this subsection. The lien shall attach at the time the state or a political subdivision incurs expenses to clean up the hazardous condition site. The lien shall be valid as against subsequent mortgagees, purchasers, or judgment creditors, for value and without notice of the lien, only when a notice of the lien is filed with the recorder of the county in which the property is located. Upon payment by the person to the state or a political subdivision, of the amount specified in this subsection, the state or a political subdivision shall release the lien. If no lien has been recorded at the time the person sells or transfers the property, then the person shall not be liable for any cleanup costs incurred by the state or a political subdivision.
84 Acts, ch 1108, §4; 86 Acts, ch 1158, §2, 3; 86 Acts, ch 1245, §1899; 93 Acts, ch 42, §3; 94 Acts, ch 1157, §1, 2; 2009 Acts, ch 16, §3; 2016 Acts, ch 1105, §4, 15
Referred to in §455B.391, 459.506, 481A.151
Structure Iowa Code
Chapter 455B - JURISDICTION OF DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Section 455B.101 - Definitions.
Section 455B.103 - Director’s duties.
Section 455B.103A - General permits — storm water discharge — air contaminant sources.
Section 455B.104 - Departmental duties.
Section 455B.105 - Powers and duties of the commission.
Section 455B.107 - Warrants by director of department of administrative services.
Section 455B.108 - Office facilities.
Section 455B.109 - Schedule of civil penalties — violations.
Section 455B.110 - Administrative appeal orders — deadline.
Section 455B.111 - Citizen actions.
Section 455B.112 - Actions by attorney general.
Section 455B.112A - Environmental crimes investigation and prosecution fund.
Section 455B.113 - Certification of laboratories.
Section 455B.114 - Laboratory certificates.
Section 455B.115 - Analysis by certified laboratory required.
Section 455B.116 - Pollution hotline program.
Section 455B.117 - Results of environmental tests — public records.
Section 455B.131 - Definitions.
Section 455B.132 - Executive agency.
Section 455B.133B - Air contaminant source fund created — fees and appropriations.
Section 455B.133C - Air quality fund — fees and appropriations.
Section 455B.134 - Director — duties — limitations.
Section 455B.135 - Limit on authority.
Section 455B.136 - Assistance on demand.
Section 455B.137 - Privileged information.
Section 455B.138 - Resolution of violations — appeal.
Section 455B.139 - Emergency orders.
Section 455B.140 - Judicial review.
Section 455B.141 - Legal action.
Section 455B.142 - Burden of proof.
Section 455B.144 - Local control program.
Section 455B.145 - Acceptance of local program.
Section 455B.146 - Civil action for compliance — local program actions.
Section 455B.146A - Criminal action — penalties.
Section 455B.147 - Failure — procedure.
Section 455B.149 - Energy or economic emergency.
Section 455B.150 - Compliance advisory panel — creation.
Section 455B.151 - Compliance advisory panel — powers and duties.
Section 455B.152 - Greenhouse gas inventory and registry.
Section 455B.164 - Distance measurements.
Section 455B.171 - Definitions.
Section 455B.172 - Jurisdiction of department and local boards.
Section 455B.172A - On-farm processing operations.
Section 455B.174 - Director’s duties.
Section 455B.175 - Violations.
Section 455B.176 - Criteria considered.
Section 455B.176A - Water quality standards.
Section 455B.177 - Declaration of policy.
Section 455B.178 - Judicial review.
Section 455B.179 - Trade secrets protected.
Section 455B.180 - Stay order.
Section 455B.181 - Variances and exemptions.
Section 455B.182 - Failure constitutes contempt.
Section 455B.183 - Written permits required.
Section 455B.183A - Water quality protection fund.
Section 455B.183B - Program to assist supply systems.
Section 455B.183C - Personnel — department of management.
Section 455B.184 - Disposal system plans.
Section 455B.185 - Data from departments.
Section 455B.186 - Prohibited actions.
Section 455B.187 - Water well construction.
Section 455B.188 - Provision for emergency replacement of water wells.
Section 455B.190 - Abandoned wells properly plugged.
Section 455B.190A - Well contractor certification program.
Section 455B.191 - Penalties — burden of proof.
Section 455B.192 - Local government — penalties.
Section 455B.193 - Qualifications for collection of credible data.
Section 455B.194 - Credible data required.
Section 455B.195 - Use or analysis of credible data.
Section 455B.196 - National pollutant discharge elimination system permit fund.
Section 455B.197 - National pollutant discharge elimination system permits.
Section 455B.198 - Wastewater discharge from well drilling sites — rules.
Section 455B.199 - Water resource restoration sponsor program.
Section 455B.199A - Prioritization of municipal water quality improvement projects.
Section 455B.199B - Disadvantaged communities variance.
Section 455B.199C - Alternative wastewater treatment technologies — legislative intent and purpose.
Section 455B.199D - At-risk utility systems.
Section 455B.211 - Definitions.
Section 455B.212 - Director’s duties.
Section 455B.213 - Certification of operators.
Section 455B.216 - Examinations.
Section 455B.217 - Operator’s certificate.
Section 455B.218 - Duration of certificates — fee — renewal.
Section 455B.219 - Revocation or suspension.
Section 455B.220 - Certificate without examination.
Section 455B.221 - Certification and examination fees.
Section 455B.223 - Competent operator required.
Section 455B.224 - Simple misdemeanor.
Section 455B.242 - Grants of assistance.
Section 455B.243 - Acceptance of grants.
Section 455B.246 - Review of contracts by attorney general.
Section 455B.261 - Definitions.
Section 455B.262 - Declaration of policy and planning requirements.
Section 455B.262A - National flood insurance program — participation required.
Section 455B.262B - Cooperation with the state geologist.
Section 455B.264 - Jurisdiction — water and floodplains.
Section 455B.265 - Permits for diversion, storage, and withdrawal — fees authorized.
Section 455B.265A - Water use permit fund — appropriation.
Section 455B.266 - Priority allocation.
Section 455B.267 - Permits for beneficial use — prohibitions.
Section 455B.268 - When permit required.
Section 455B.269 - Taking water prohibited.
Section 455B.270 - Rights preserved.
Section 455B.271 - Modification or cancellation of permits.
Section 455B.272 - Termination of permit.
Section 455B.273 - Disposal of permit.
Section 455B.274 - Unauthorized depleting uses.
Section 455B.275 - Prohibited acts — powers of commission and executive director.
Section 455B.276 - Floodplains — encroachment limits.
Section 455B.277 - Flood control works coordinated.
Section 455B.278 - Permit application procedures.
Section 455B.281 - Compensation for well interference.
Section 455B.282 - County and city control of junkyards.
Section 455B.291 - Definitions.
Section 455B.295 - Funds and accounts.
Section 455B.296 - Intended use plans — capitalization grants — accounting.
Section 455B.297 - Loans to eligible entities.
Section 455B.298 - Powers and duties of the director.
Section 455B.299 - Adoption of rules.
Section 455B.301 - Definitions.
Section 455B.301A - Declaration of policy.
Section 455B.302 - Duty of cities and counties — agreements — liens.
Section 455B.303 - Administrator’s duties.
Section 455B.304 - Rules established.
Section 455B.305 - Issuance or renewal of permits by director.
Section 455B.305A - Local approval of sanitary landfill and infectious waste incinerator projects.
Section 455B.305B - Pyrolysis or gasification material ownership.
Section 455B.306 - Plans filed.
Section 455B.306A - Annexation of territory — expansion of services.
Section 455B.307 - Dumping — where prohibited — penalty.
Section 455B.307A - Discarding of solid waste — prohibitions — penalty.
Section 455B.307B - Illegal dumping enforcement officer.
Section 455B.308 - Appeal from order.
Section 455B.310 - Tonnage fee imposed — appropriations — exemptions.
Section 455B.312 - Waste abatement program.
Section 455B.313 - Beverage container connectors — prohibition.
Section 455B.314 - Incineration at sanitary disposal projects.
Section 455B.315 - Radioactive materials — prohibited deposit in sanitary landfills.
Section 455B.331 - Definitions.
Section 455B.334 - Waste disposal site.
Section 455B.335 - Director’s duties.
Section 455B.336 - Notice to violators.
Section 455B.337 - Emergency action.
Section 455B.338 - Judicial review.
Section 455B.339 - Injunction.
Section 455B.361 - Definitions.
Section 455B.362 - Director’s duties.
Section 455B.381 - Definitions.
Section 455B.382 - Administrative agency.
Section 455B.383 - Powers and duties of department.
Section 455B.384 - Powers and duties of the executive director.
Section 455B.385 - State hazardous condition contingency plan.
Section 455B.386 - Notification of spills — penalty.
Section 455B.387 - Removal of hazardous substances.
Section 455B.388 - Injunctions and emergency orders.
Section 455B.389 - Judicial review.
Section 455B.390 - Jurisdiction limited.
Section 455B.391 - Duties of attorney general.
Section 455B.392 - Liability for cleanup costs.
Section 455B.393 - Liability of state employees or persons providing assistance.
Section 455B.394 - Right of entry.
Section 455B.395 - Public information.
Section 455B.396 - Claim of state.
Section 455B.397 - Financial disclosure.
Section 455B.399 - Cleanup assistance — liability.
Section 455B.411 - Definitions.
Section 455B.412 - Duties of the department.
Section 455B.413 - Director’s duties.
Section 455B.414 - Hazardous waste notification.
Section 455B.415 - Permit required.
Section 455B.416 - Inspections.
Section 455B.417 - Prohibited acts — penalties.
Section 455B.418 - Enforcement.
Section 455B.419 - Agricultural chemicals.
Section 455B.421 - Judicial review.
Section 455B.423 - Hazardous substance remedial fund.
Section 455B.424 - Hazardous waste fees.
Section 455B.425 - Annual report on hazardous substance remedial fund.
Section 455B.426 - Registry of hazardous waste or hazardous substance disposal sites.
Section 455B.427 - Annual report on hazardous waste or hazardous substance disposal sites.
Section 455B.428 - Investigation of sites.
Section 455B.429 - Notification to owners — appeals.
Section 455B.430 - Use and transfer of sites — penalty — financial disclosure.
Section 455B.431 - Recording of site designation.
Section 455B.433 - Physical infrastructure assistance — funding — liability.
Section 455B.441 - Purpose and guidelines.
Section 455B.442 - Definitions.
Section 455B.443 - License required.
Section 455B.444 - Temporary members appointed.
Section 455B.445 - Notification requirements.
Section 455B.446 - Proceeding.
Section 455B.447 - Proceeding — role of regulatory agencies.
Section 455B.448 - Decision by commission.
Section 455B.449 - Issuance of license — effect.
Section 455B.450 - Cost of proceedings.
Section 455B.451 - Further approvals prohibited — exception.
Section 455B.452 - Single hearing — judicial review.
Section 455B.455 - Surcharge imposed.
Section 455B.461 - Definitions.
Section 455B.462 - Limitations on land disposal of hazardous waste.
Section 455B.463 - Dilution of hazardous waste.
Section 455B.464 - Additional hazardous or restricted waste listed.
Section 455B.465 - Well injection prohibited.
Section 455B.466 - Civil penalties.
Section 455B.467 - Emergency variance.
Section 455B.468 - Coordination with existing reporting and permitting requirements.
Section 455B.471 - Definitions.
Section 455B.472 - Declaration of policy.
Section 455B.473 - Report of existing and new tanks — fee.
Section 455B.473A - Petroleum underground storage tank registration amnesty program.
Section 455B.474 - Duties of commission — rules.
Section 455B.474A - Rules consistent with federal regulations.
Section 455B.475 - Duties and powers of the director.
Section 455B.476 - Violations — orders.
Section 455B.477 - Penalties — burden of proof.
Section 455B.478 - Judicial review.
Section 455B.479 - Storage tank management fee.
Section 455B.480 - Short title.
Section 455B.481 - Waste management policy.
Section 455B.482 - Definitions.
Section 455B.483 - Waste management assistance.
Section 455B.484 - Duties of the department.
Section 455B.484A - Confidentiality for assistance programs.
Section 455B.485 - Powers and duties of the commission.
Section 455B.486 - Facility siting.
Section 455B.487 - Facility acquisition and operation.
Section 455B.488 - Household hazardous waste collection and disposition.
Section 455B.491 - Restrictions on use of agricultural chemicals.
Section 455B.501 - Regulation of infectious waste.
Section 455B.502 - Infectious medical waste incinerators — regents universities — requirements.
Section 455B.503 - Infectious waste treatment and disposal facilities — permits required — rules.
Section 455B.601 - Pesticide and fertilizer contaminated sites — prioritization of cleanup.
Section 455B.602 - Definitions.
Section 455B.701 - Oil spill immunity.
Section 455B.751 - Definitions.
Section 455B.752 - Immunity from third-party liability.
Section 455B.753 - Access to property.
Section 455B.754 - Legal responsibility.
Section 455B.801 - Short title.
Section 455B.802 - Definitions.
Section 455B.803 - Plans for removal, collection, and recovery of vehicle mercury-added switches.
Section 455B.804 - Prohibition and proper management of mercury-added vehicle switches.
Section 455B.805 - General compliance with other provisions.
Section 455B.806 - Regulations.
Section 455B.807 - Public notification.