Effective - 21 Jun 2004
376.669. Annuity contract requirements — paid-up annuity benefits, how calculated — cash surrender benefits, how calculated — applicable, when. — 1. This section shall not apply to any reinsurance, group annuity purchased under a retirement plan, or plan of deferred compensation established or maintained by an employer (including a partnership or sole proprietorship) or by an employee organization, or by both, other than a plan providing individual retirement accounts or individual retirement annuities under Section 408 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, premium deposit fund, variable annuity, investment annuity, immediate annuity, any deferred annuity contract after annuity payments have commenced, or reversionary annuity, nor to any contract which shall be delivered outside this state through an agent or other representative of the company issuing the contract.
2. In the case of contracts issued on or after the effective date of this section as defined in subsection 11 of this section, no contract of annuity, except as stated in subsection 1 of this section, shall be delivered or issued for delivery in this state unless it contains in substance the following provisions, or corresponding provisions which in the opinion of the director are at least as favorable to the contract holder, upon cessation of payment of considerations under the contract:
(1) That upon cessation of payment of considerations under a contract, or upon the written request of the contract owner, the company shall grant a paid-up annuity benefit on a plan stipulated in the contract of such value as is specified in subsections 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 of this section;
(2) If a contract provides for a lump sum settlement at maturity, or at any other time, that upon surrender of the contract at or prior to the commencement of any annuity payments, the company shall pay in lieu of a paid-up annuity benefit a cash surrender benefit of such amount as is specified in subsections 4, 5, 7, and 9 of this section. The company may reserve the right to defer the payment of the cash surrender benefit for a period not to exceed six months after demand therefor with surrender of the contract after making written request and receiving written approval of the director. The request shall address the necessity and equitability to all policyholders of the deferral;
(3) A statement of the mortality table, if any, and interest rates used in calculating any minimum paid-up annuity, cash surrender or death benefits that are guaranteed under the contract, together with sufficient information to determine the amounts of the benefits; and
(4) A statement that any paid-up annuity, cash surrender or death benefits that may be available under the contract are not less than the minimum benefits required by any statute of the state in which the contract is delivered and an explanation of the manner in which the benefits are altered by the existence of any additional amounts credited by the company to the contract, any indebtedness to the company on the contract or any prior withdrawals from or partial surrenders of the contract.
Notwithstanding the requirements of this subsection, a deferred annuity contract may provide that if no considerations have been received under a contract for a period of two full years and the portion of the paid-up annuity benefit at maturity on the plan stipulated in the contract arising from prior considerations paid would be less than twenty dollars monthly, the company may at its option terminate the contract by payment in cash of the then present value of the portion of the paid-up annuity benefit, calculated on the basis on the mortality table, if any, and interest rate specified in the contract for determining the paid-up annuity benefit, and by this payment shall be relieved of any further obligation under the contract.
3. The minimum values as specified in subsections 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 of this section of any paid-up annuity, cash surrender or death benefits available under an annuity contract shall be based upon minimum nonforfeiture amounts as defined in this section.
(1) The minimum nonforfeiture amount at any time at or prior to the commencement of any annuity payments shall be equal to an accumulation up to such time at rates of interest as indicated in subdivision (3) of this subsection of the net considerations (as hereinafter defined) paid prior to such time, decreased by the sum of paragraphs (a) to (d) below:
(a) Any prior withdrawals from or partial surrenders of the contract accumulated at rates of interest as indicated in subdivision (3) of this subsection; and
(b) An annual contract charge of fifty dollars, accumulated at rates of interest as indicated in subdivision (3) of this subsection;
(c) Any premium tax paid by the company for the contract, accumulated at rates of interest as indicated in subdivision (3) of this subsection; and
(d) The amount of any indebtedness to the company on the contract, including interest due and accrued.
(2) The net considerations for a given contract year used to define the minimum nonforfeiture amount shall be an amount equal to eighty-seven and one-half percent of the gross considerations credited to the contract during that contract year.
(3) The interest rate used in determining minimum nonforfeiture amounts shall be an annual rate of interest determined as the lesser of three percent per annum and the following, which shall be specified in the contract if the interest rate will be reset:
(a) The five-year Constant Maturity Treasury Rate reported by the Federal Reserve as of a date, or average over a period, rounded to the nearest one-twentieth of one percent, specified in the contract no longer than fifteen months prior to the contract issue date or redetermination date under paragraph (d) of this subdivision;
(b) Reduced by one hundred twenty-five basis points;
(c) Where the resulting interest rate is not less than one percent; and
(d) The interest rate shall apply for an initial period and may be redetermined for additional periods. The redetermination date, basis and period, if any, shall be stated in the contract. The basis is the date or average over a specified period that produces the value of the five-year Constant Maturity Treasury Rate to be used at each redetermination date.
(4) During the period or term that a contract provides substantive participation in an equity indexed benefit, it may increase the reduction described in paragraph (b) of subdivision (3) of this subsection by up to an additional one hundred basis points to reflect the value of the equity index benefit. The present value at the contract issue date, and at each redetermination date thereafter, of the additional reduction shall not exceed the market value of the benefit. The director may require a demonstration that the present value of the additional reduction does not exceed the market value of the benefit. Lacking such a demonstration that is acceptable to the director, the director may disallow or limit the additional reduction.
(5) The director may adopt rules to implement the provisions of subdivision (4) of this subsection and to provide for further adjustments to the calculation of minimum nonforfeiture amounts for contracts that provide substantive participation in an equity index benefit and for other contracts that the director determines adjustments are justified.
4. Any paid-up annuity benefit available under a contract shall be such that its present value on the date annuity payments are to commence is at least equal to the minimum nonforfeiture amount on that date. Present value shall be computed using the mortality table, if any, and the interest rates specified in the contract for determining the minimum paid-up annuity benefits guaranteed in the contract.
5. For contracts that provide cash surrender benefits, the cash surrender benefits available prior to maturity shall not be less than the present value as of the date of surrender of that portion of the maturity value of the paid-up annuity benefit that would be provided under the contract at maturity arising from considerations paid prior to the time of cash surrender reduced by the amount appropriate to reflect any prior withdrawals from or partial surrenders of the contract, such present value being calculated on the basis of an interest rate not more than one percent higher than the interest rate specified in the contract for accumulating the net considerations to determine maturity value, decreased by the amount of any indebtedness to the company on the contract, including interest due and accrued, and increased by any existing additional amounts credited by the company to the contract. In no event shall any cash surrender benefit be less than the minimum nonforfeiture amount at that time. The death benefit under such contracts shall be at least equal to the cash surrender benefit.
6. For contracts that do not provide cash surrender benefits, the present value of any paid-up annuity benefit available as a nonforfeiture option at any time prior to maturity shall not be less than the present value of that portion of the maturity value of the paid-up annuity benefit provided under the contract arising from considerations paid prior to the time the contract is surrendered in exchange for, or changed to, a deferred paid-up annuity, such present value being calculated for the period prior to the maturity date on the basis of the interest rate specified in the contract for accumulating the net considerations to determine maturity value, and increased by any additional amounts credited by the company to the contract. For contracts that do not provide any death benefits prior to the commencement of any annuity payments, present values shall be calculated on the basis of such interest rate and the mortality table specified in the contract for determining the maturity value of the paid-up annuity benefit. However, in no event shall the present value of a paid-up annuity benefit be less than the minimum nonforfeiture amount at that time.
7. For the purpose of determining the benefits calculated under subsections 5 and 6 of this section, in the case of annuity contracts under which an election may be made to have annuity payments commence at optional maturity dates, the maturity date shall be deemed to be the latest date for which election shall be permitted by the contract, but shall not be deemed to be later than the anniversary of the contract next following the annuitant's seventieth birthday or the tenth anniversary of the contract, whichever is later.
8. A contract that does not provide cash surrender benefits or does not provide death benefits at least equal to the minimum nonforfeiture amount prior to the commencement of any annuity payments shall include a statement in a prominent place in the contract that such benefits are not provided.
9. Any paid-up annuity, cash surrender, or death benefits available at any time, other than on the contract anniversary under any contract with fixed scheduled considerations, shall be calculated with allowance for the lapse of time and the payment of any scheduled considerations beyond the beginning of the contract year in which cessation of payment of considerations under the contract occurs.
10. For a contract which provides, within the same contract by rider or supplemental contract provision, both annuity benefits and life insurance benefits that are in excess of the greater of cash surrender benefits or a return of the gross considerations with interest, the minimum nonforfeiture benefits shall be equal to the sum of the minimum nonforfeiture benefits for the annuity portion and the minimum nonforfeiture benefits, if any, for the life insurance portion computed as if each portion were a separate contract. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 of this section, additional benefits payable in the event of total and permanent disability, as reversionary annuity or deferred reversionary annuity benefits, or as other policy benefits additional to life insurance, endowment, and annuity benefits, and considerations for all such additional benefits shall be disregarded in ascertaining the minimum nonforfeiture amounts, paid-up annuity, cash surrender, and death benefits that may be required by this section. The inclusion of such benefits shall not be required in any paid-up benefits, unless the additional benefits separately would require minimum nonforfeiture amounts, paid-up annuity, cash surrender, and death benefits.
11. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 376.671, after the effective date of this section*, a company may elect to apply the provisions of this section in lieu of section 376.671 to annuity contracts on a contract form-by-contract form basis before July 1, 2006. In all other instances, this section shall become operative with respect to annuity contracts issued by the company after July 1, 2006.
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(L. 2004 H.B. 938 merged with S.B. 1188)
*Effective 6-21-04 (S.B. 1188); 8-28-04 (H.B. 938)
Structure Missouri Revised Statutes
Title XXIV - Business and Financial Institutions
Chapter 376 - Life, Health and Accident Insurance
Section 376.005 - Definitions.
Section 376.010 - Who may form company — purposes.
Section 376.020 - Various companies defined.
Section 376.050 - Declaration of corporators.
Section 376.060 - Stock companies — content of charter.
Section 376.070 - To be submitted to attorney general.
Section 376.080 - Director to examine, when.
Section 376.090 - To furnish certificate of deposit, when.
Section 376.100 - Mutual companies — contents of charter.
Section 376.110 - To be submitted to attorney general.
Section 376.120 - Director to examine and certify, when.
Section 376.130 - To furnish certificate of deposit, when.
Section 376.145 - Officers of stock company to continue as officers of mutual.
Section 376.147 - Meetings of board of mutual, notice — executive committee of board, powers.
Section 376.150 - Stock and mutual companies — content of charter.
Section 376.160 - Formation of stock and mutual companies.
Section 376.170 - Special deposits for registered policies and annuity bonds.
Section 376.190 - Additional deposits required.
Section 376.200 - Definition of net value.
Section 376.210 - Excess deposits.
Section 376.220 - May use realty to secure notes and bonds.
Section 376.230 - Changing of securities on deposit.
Section 376.240 - Deposits to be held in trust by director.
Section 376.250 - Deposits to be kept separate.
Section 376.260 - Fees collected by director of revenue.
Section 376.270 - Director may proceed against depositary companies.
Section 376.280 - Capital necessary to do business — how invested.
Section 376.290 - Deposit and transfer of securities.
Section 376.291 - Applicability and inapplicability.
Section 376.292 - Definitions.
Section 376.293 - Permissible investments — written plan for investments required.
Section 376.294 - Prohibited acts.
Section 376.295 - Additional prohibited acts — authorized actions.
Section 376.296 - Value of investments, how calculated.
Section 376.297 - Investment subsidiaries not permitted, when.
Section 376.298 - Acquisition of rate credit instruments, when.
Section 376.300 - Equity interests permitted, when.
Section 376.301 - Tangible personal property interests permitted, when.
Section 376.302 - Mortgage interests, may be acquired, when — other real estate interests.
Section 376.303 - Lending and repurchase, permitted when.
Section 376.304 - Acquisition of foreign investments, when.
Section 376.305 - Rulemaking authority.
Section 376.306 - Cash surrender value, life insurer may lend to policyholder, when.
Section 376.307 - Limits on acquisition of certain investments.
Section 376.308 - Secondary mortgage market act, not to preempt health insurer, when.
Section 376.310 - Investment of surplus and reserve funds by foreign companies.
Section 376.325 - Any willing provider provision — definitions.
Section 376.330 - Securities may be changed.
Section 376.350 - Reports to director.
Section 376.360 - Distribution of surplus funds to participating policyholders — method.
Section 376.365 - Standard valuation law — definitions.
Section 376.370 - Director to value reserves, methods.
Section 376.379 - Medication synchronization services, offer of coverage required.
Section 376.381 - Health insurance products, department duties.
Section 376.386 - Prescription drugs, one co-payment for dosage prescribed.
Section 376.387 - Pharmacy benefits manager, limitations and restrictions — enforcement.
Section 376.390 - Reserve liability for group insurance — how computed.
Section 376.391 - Co-payments for chiropractic services, cap.
Section 376.392 - Prescription drug formularies, enrollees to be notified of changes to, when.
Section 376.393 - Pharmacy benefits manager, license required — definitions — complaints, procedure.
Section 376.395 - Definitions for group health conversion policy requirements.
Section 376.398 - Application to all group policies — effective, when.
Section 376.401 - Conversion rights — retirees — dependents of insured.
Section 376.404 - Specific requirement requests of policyholder may be met by alteration.
Section 376.407 - Advance practice nurse, claims for service to be reimbursed, when.
Section 376.410 - Insurance companies to maintain reserves — exemptions.
Section 376.421 - Group health insurance, authorized categories.
Section 376.425 - Student accident policies, may not limit surgical benefits, when.
Section 376.426 - Group health policies, required provisions.
Section 376.428 - Federal COBRA provisions to apply to group health insurance policies.
Section 376.432 - Group-type basis, defined.
Section 376.434 - Carrier liable for claims incurred during grace period, when — exceptions.
Section 376.435 - Claim information to be reported, when — covered lives defined.
Section 376.442 - Rules and regulations, procedure.
Section 376.450 - Citation of law — definitions (Missouri HIPAA).
Section 376.451 - Standards prohibiting discrimination.
Section 376.453 - Premium — only cafeteria plans required, when.
Section 376.480 - Domestic companies may assume risks of foreign companies — duties of director.
Section 376.500 - Discriminations, rebates and favors prohibited — contracts to conform to policy.
Section 376.510 - Penalty for violation of section 376.500.
Section 376.540 - Policy, to whom payable.
Section 376.570 - Foreign executor or administrator.
Section 376.580 - Misrepresentation.
Section 376.600 - Penalty for violating section 376.590.
Section 376.610 - Defense in case of suits.
Section 376.620 - Suicide, effect on liability — refund of premiums, when.
Section 376.630 - Life insurance policies not to be forfeited or become invalid, when.
Section 376.640 - Paid-up policy may be demanded, when.
Section 376.650 - Rules of payment on commuted policy.
Section 376.660 - Foregoing provisions inapplicable, when.
Section 376.670 - Provisions which shall be contained in life insurance policies, exceptions.
Section 376.671 - Provisions which shall be contained in annuity contracts — inapplicability date.
Section 376.673 - Life insurance policies, regulations relative to.
Section 376.674 - Life insurance policies, no cash surrender value, regulations relative to.
Section 376.679 - Life insurance company may reinsure for risks involving aircraft, limitation.
Section 376.680 - Assignment of incidents of ownership, group life policy, effect of.
Section 376.691 - Group life policies, eligible groups authorized for issue — premiums, how paid.
Section 376.693 - Special group life policies, requirements — director's approval.
Section 376.697 - Required provisions for group life policies.
Section 376.700 - Purpose — use of additional material.
Section 376.702 - Application of law — exceptions.
Section 376.704 - Definitions.
Section 376.706 - Delivery of guide and summary required, when.
Section 376.708 - Required presentations and statements — company to maintain file.
Section 376.710 - Effect of omission.
Section 376.712 - Effective date.
Section 376.714 - Contents and form of buyer's guide.
Section 376.715 - Citation of law, purpose.
Section 376.718 - Definitions.
Section 376.720 - Association, created — accounts — director to supervise.
Section 376.722 - Board of directors, established, members, how selected — expense reimbursement.
Section 376.726 - Nonpayment of premiums, effect of.
Section 376.728 - Law not applicable, when.
Section 376.730 - Liens, association may impose, when.
Section 376.734 - Additional powers of association.
Section 376.735 - Assessments against members, when due, classes — amounts, how determined.
Section 376.738 - Certificate of contribution, when issued.
Section 376.740 - Plan of operation, required, approval of director — provisions of plan.
Section 376.742 - Director, powers and duties.
Section 376.743 - Board of directors, powers.
Section 376.745 - Assessments, offset against tax liability, when, how.
Section 376.747 - Distribution of member insurer assets upon liquidation, priority of association.
Section 376.748 - Liquidation, recovery of distributions, when, exceptions, limitations.
Section 376.752 - Member insurer's deposit with director, exemption from, amount.
Section 376.754 - Stay of proceedings, insolvent insurer, when.
Section 376.755 - Advertising, use of guaranty association prohibited.
Section 376.758 - Law inapplicable to insolvent insurers on effective date of law.
Section 376.770 - Title of law.
Section 376.773 - Definitions.
Section 376.775 - Matters required in policies.
Section 376.780 - Limits on provisions, effect of conflict of policy with law.
Section 376.783 - Insured bound only if copy of application attached to policy.
Section 376.785 - What does not constitute waiver of defenses.
Section 376.787 - Effect of age limit provision.
Section 376.789 - Definition of actual charge and actual fee.
Section 376.790 - Limits on applicability of law.
Section 376.791 - Portion of section 376.777 not applicable to individual health insurance coverage.
Section 376.810 - Definitions for policy requirements for chemical dependency.
Section 376.818 - Eligibility for Medicaid may not be considered by insurers.
Section 376.819 - MO HealthNet division to have right to payment for health care services provided.
Section 376.823 - Prohibition on kickbacks not applicable for rebates for certain chronic illnesses.
Section 376.850 - Law, how cited.
Section 376.854 - Definitions.
Section 376.859 - Medicare supplement law applicable to what policies — policies not included.
Section 376.869 - Standards for policies, minimum, director to adopt.
Section 376.874 - Requirements of policy, return to policyholders.
Section 376.882 - Cancellation of policy, refund required — notification.
Section 376.884 - Advertisement to be reviewed by director.
Section 376.886 - Regulations, requirements — rules, procedure.
Section 376.889 - Violations, penalty.
Section 376.890 - Invalidity of any section regulating Medicare supplement not to affect others.
Section 376.891 - Definitions.
Section 376.900 - Definitions.
Section 376.905 - Administration by department, powers, duties — fees.
Section 376.910 - Certificate of authority required.
Section 376.920 - Annual statement, form, contents.
Section 376.925 - Seven-day rescission period, all money or property to be refunded.
Section 376.930 - Insured to be furnished application for certificate and annual statement, when.
Section 376.940 - Escrow account for entrance fees required, released when.
Section 376.945 - Escrow account, amount required — principal, how released, investment.
Section 376.950 - Board of directors, one member to be resident of facility.
Section 376.960 - Definitions.
Section 376.965 - Board members not civilly liable for performance of duties, exception.
Section 376.982 - Rulemaking procedure.
Section 376.989 - No liability, criminal or civil, for participation in pool by members.
Section 376.1000 - Multiple employer self-insured health plan, defined.
Section 376.1007 - Plan to file copy of bylaws, coverage and agreements with director.
Section 376.1010 - Excess stop-loss coverage maintained by plan.
Section 376.1015 - Department not to grant approval, when.
Section 376.1017 - Plan to establish loss reserves — plan to establish surplus account, amount.
Section 376.1020 - Plan to maintain principal place of business in Missouri, exception.
Section 376.1025 - Director may adopt rules.
Section 376.1027 - Plan in unsound condition, powers of director.
Section 376.1032 - Plan considered insurer, when.
Section 376.1035 - Chapter 376 applicable to plan.
Section 376.1037 - Plan subject to premium taxes.
Section 376.1042 - Marketing by agent, agency or broker violation of law.
Section 376.1045 - Injunctive relief, director may seek, when — procedures.
Section 376.1065 - Official notification communications, contracting entity requirements.
Section 376.1075 - Definitions.
Section 376.1077 - Administrator to have agreement with insurer, form, contents — termination, how.
Section 376.1080 - Payments of premiums and claims deemed paid, when.
Section 376.1083 - Advertising restrictions for administrator.
Section 376.1090 - Materials delivered to administrator for insured to be promptly delivered.
Section 376.1093 - Annual report filed with director, when — contents — filing fee, amount.
Section 376.1094 - Certificate of authority, suspension or revocation, grounds — civil action, when.
Section 376.1095 - Rules and regulations, promulgation.
Section 376.1100 - Law, how cited — definitions.
Section 376.1115 - Coverage outline to be delivered to applicants, when, content.
Section 376.1121 - Denial of claim, long-term care insurance, duties of issuer.
Section 376.1130 - Rulemaking authority.
Section 376.1190 - Health care mandates — review by oversight division — actuarial analysis.
Section 376.1215 - Immunizations, mandated coverage, exceptions, rulemaking.
Section 376.1220 - Insurance coverage for newborn hearing screenings mandated.
Section 376.1226 - Fee schedule for services not covered under health benefit plans — definitions.
Section 376.1230 - Chiropractic care coverage, rates, terms, conditions, limits, and exclusions.
Section 376.1232 - Insurers to offer coverage for prosthetics.
Section 376.1237 - Refills for prescription eye drops, required, when — definitions.
Section 376.1250 - Cancer screening, health insurance coverage required, when, types.
Section 376.1290 - Coverage for lead testing.
Section 376.1300 - Reorganization of a domestic mutual life insurance company, authority.
Section 376.1305 - Formation of holding company, application — shareholder approval.
Section 376.1307 - Issuance of shares.
Section 376.1312 - Nonapplicability of certain provisions of insurance holding companies law.
Section 376.1315 - Incorporation of mutual holding company, authority, approval.
Section 376.1350 - Definitions.
Section 376.1353 - Utilization review activities monitored.
Section 376.1356 - Utilization review entity monitored, when.
Section 376.1359 - Written utilization program implemented, filed with the director.
Section 376.1363 - Utilization review decisions, procedures.
Section 376.1365 - Reconsideration of an adverse determination, when.
Section 376.1367 - Emergency services benefit determination, coverage required, when.
Section 376.1369 - Certification of compliance, when.
Section 376.1375 - Registry of grievances maintained, procedures — definitions.
Section 376.1378 - Grievances and certificate of compliance filed with the director, when.
Section 376.1385 - Second-level review procedures.
Section 376.1387 - Appeals of grievances determined by the director.
Section 376.1389 - Expedited grievance review procedure.
Section 376.1399 - Rules, effective, when — rules invalid and void, when.
Section 376.1400 - Explanation of benefits, standardized information used, contents, when.
Section 376.1403 - Referrals, standardized information used, content, when.
Section 376.1500 - Definitions.
Section 376.1502 - Requirements for transaction of business.
Section 376.1504 - Registration requirements — term of registration — renewal.
Section 376.1506 - Violations, penalty.
Section 376.1508 - Processing fee — cancellation of membership, effect of.
Section 376.1510 - Prohibited acts.
Section 376.1512 - Required disclosures.
Section 376.1514 - Written agreement required, contents.
Section 376.1518 - Net worth to be maintained, amount.
Section 376.1520 - Notice of changes.
Section 376.1522 - List of providers to be maintained on website.
Section 376.1524 - Advertising and marketing materials, approval in writing required.
Section 376.1528 - Rulemaking authority.
Section 376.1530 - Denial and refusal to issue registrations, when.
Section 376.1532 - Violations, penalties.
Section 376.1550 - Mental health coverage, requirements — definitions — exclusions.
Section 376.1575 - Definitions.
Section 376.1590 - Status as living organ donor not sole factor for insurance coverage.
Section 376.1900 - Definitions — reimbursement for telehealth services, when.
Section 376.2000 - Citation of law — definitions.
Section 376.2002 - Navigators, license required — permitted acts — prohibited acts — exemptions.
Section 376.2004 - Application procedure.
Section 376.2006 - Term of licensure — renewal — continuing education.
Section 376.2008 - Consultation with licensed insurance producer, navigator to advise, when.
Section 376.2011 - Violations, administrative orders, civil actions — penalty.
Section 376.2012 - Navigators duty to report, when.
Section 376.2014 - Applicability — severability — rulemaking authority.
Section 376.2020 - Contracts prohibiting disclosure of certain payments and costs are unenforceable.
Section 376.2030 - Definitions.
Section 376.2036 - Enforcement — applicability to health insurance plans, when.
Section 376.2050 - Citation of act.
Section 376.2051 - Definitions.
Section 376.2053 - Exemption from requirements, when.
Section 376.2080 - Funding agreement defined — authority to issue — rulemaking authority.