Section 108L. There is hereby established a career incentive pay program offering base salary increases to regular full-time members of the various city and town police departments as a reward for furthering their education in the field of policework.
Police career incentive base salary increases shall be predicated on the accumulation of points earned in the following manner: one point for each semester hour credit earned toward a baccalaureate or an associate degree; sixty points for an associate degree; one hundred and twenty points for a baccalaureate degree; and one hundred and fifty points for a degree of master or for a degree in law; provided, that said credits or degrees were earned in courses leading towards a degree in law enforcement or any course or degree program approved by the board of higher education prior to July 1st, 1976. All semester credits and degrees shall be earned in an educational institution accredited by the New England Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools or by the board of higher education, and shall be credited for the purpose of determining points under this section, notwithstanding the date of appointment of an individual to a position described in the first paragraph of this section.
The board of higher education is hereby authorized and directed to establish and maintain a list of approved courses leading to a degree in law enforcement.
Base salary increases authorized by this section shall be granted in the following manner: a three per cent increase for ten points so accumulated, a six per cent increase for twenty-five points, a ten per cent increase for forty points, a fifteen per cent increase for sixty points, a twenty per cent increase for one hundred and twenty points, and a thirty per cent increase for one hundred and fifty points so accumulated.
Any city or town which accepts the provisions of this section and provides career incentive salary increases for police officers shall be reimbursed by the commonwealth for one half the cost of such payments upon certification by the board of higher education. The board of higher education shall certify the amount of such reimbursement to be paid to such city or town from information filed on or before September first of each year with said board, on a form furnished by it, the chief of police, or one of similar rank, of the city or town police department. Said information shall be filed on a form to be furnished by the board of higher education.
Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, no such regular full-time police officer shall be entitled to such pay increase for points earned after September 1st, 1976; provided, however, that such police officer who is certified as of September 1st, 1976 in the police career incentive program leading to a degree in law enforcement shall only be granted further base salary increases of fifteen per cent for an associate's degree in law enforcement, or sixty points earned toward a baccalaureate degree in law enforcement, a twenty per cent increase for a baccalaureate degree in law enforcement, a thirty per cent increase for a master's degree in law enforcement or for a degree in law; or any police officer enrolled in any course or degree program approved by the board of higher education, prior to July 1st, 1976, shall only be granted further base salary increases of fifteen per cent for an associate's degree or sixty points earned toward a baccalaureate degree, a twenty per cent increase for a baccalaureate degree, and a thirty per cent increase for a master's degree or for a degree in law, provided further, that such percentage increase shall in total, including any previously earned increase, not exceed fifteen per cent for an associate's degree or sixty points earned toward a baccalaureate degree, twenty per cent for a baccalaureate degree, and thirty per cent for a master's degree or for a degree in law, provided further, that any regular full-time police officer commencing such incentive pay program after September 1st, 1976 shall be granted a base salary increase of ten per cent upon attaining an associate's degree in law enforcement or sixty points earned to a baccalaureate degree in law enforcement, a twenty per cent increase upon attaining a baccalaureate degree in law enforcement, and a twenty-five per cent increase upon attaining a master's degree in law enforcement or for a degree in law.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this section to the contrary, the board of higher education shall establish quality guidelines, including, but not limited to, standards and review processes, for programs pursued for police career incentive pay increases under this section. Any such degree shall have been earned through a program approved by the board of higher education as meeting or exceeding academic standards established by the above-mentioned guidelines. Under no circumstances, shall said board certify any program which grants credits for the following: life experience; courses taught by instructors lacking appropriate educational degrees as determined by said board; and courses lacking appropriate concentration on academic and scholarly research. For the purposes of fulfilling the duties and obligations set forth in this section, the board of higher education shall have the authority to conduct periodic reviews of criminal justice or law degree programs offered by independent regionally accredited colleges and universities. The board of higher education shall only certify career incentive pay increases earned through the completion of programs that meet the board's guidelines, but police officers enrolled, prior to the implementation of the quality guidelines, in degree granting programs in order to receive career incentive base salary adjustments shall, upon attainment of said degree, be eligible for certification by the board of higher education to receive career incentive base salary increases pursuant to the provisions of this section in effect prior to the quality guidelines established pursuant to this paragraph. Police officers receiving career incentive base salary adjustments prior to the implementation of the quality guidelines shall continue to receive such base salary adjustments, as certified by said board, pursuant to the provisions of this section in effect prior to the quality guidelines established pursuant to this paragraph.
Only graduates of: (1) criminal justice or law enforcement programs that meet or exceed the guidelines for criminal justice and law enforcement programs, as set forth by the board of higher education and implemented on January 1, 2004; or (2) law schools that are New England Association of School and Colleges accredited or board approved and who have passed the Massachusetts bar examination, shall be eligible for the police career incentive pay program.
The president of a New England Association of Schools and Colleges accredited institution or board of higher education approved institution shall submit a letter of intent to seek approval of its criminal justice degree program to the chancellor of higher education by May 1 of the year in which the institution intends to submit an application. The letter of intent shall include a statement of commitment to implement Standard D, Admission and Articulation, for all students enrolling in a criminal justice or law enforcement program after May 1 of the calendar year in which the letter is submitted. All programs shall meet the guidelines for criminal justice and law enforcement programs as approved by the board of higher education.
An application for approval as a police career incentive pay program participating institution shall be developed by the board of higher education and shall include the following: (1) a profile of the program; (2) demonstration of the program's fulfillment of the standards as stated in the guidelines; and (3) an application fee to cover the evaluation costs of the review process. Applications shall be submitted according to the timetable established by the board of higher education.
Each institution shall pay an evaluation fee to the board of higher education's police career incentive pay program quality assurance trust fund to cover the costs of review of its program. In addition to the fee, the institution shall pay for travel, room, board and other normal expenses of the external evaluation committee. If the committee requires subsequent visits, the board of higher education shall charge for further expenses at its discretion. Evaluation fees shall be determined by the total number of degrees awarded to all students enrolled in the criminal justice and law enforcement program being reviewed based on an average of the 3 years immediately prior to the submission of the application.
Fees shall be determined by the total number of degrees awarded to all students in the criminal justice and law enforcement program being reviewed in the following manner: $1,000 for institutions awarding fewer than 20 criminal justice or law enforcement degrees per year; $1,500 for institutions awarding between 20 and 50 criminal justice or law enforcement degrees per year; $2,000 for institutions awarding between 51 and 100 criminal justice or law enforcement degrees per year; $2,500 for institutions awarding between 101 and 150 criminal justice or law enforcement degrees per year; $3,000 for institutions awarding between 151 and 200 criminal justice or law enforcement degrees per year; and $3,500 for institutions awarding over 200 criminal justice or law enforcement degrees per year.
Once an application is submitted, the following timetable shall apply: (1) within 30 business days, board staff shall determine whether or not the application is complete and notify the institution; (2) within 30 business days of notification to the institution that the application is complete, an external evaluation committee shall be appointed in accordance with the guidelines; (3) within 30 business days of completing the evaluation of a program's application, the external evaluation committee shall submit a report to board staff; (4) within 30 business days of receipt of the report, board staff shall send the committee's report to the institution with a response required; (5) the institution may request an extension, if needed, to respond adequately to the committee's report; (6) within 30 business days of receiving the institution's response, the staff of the board shall evaluate materials submitted by the institution, the committee's written report, the written response from the institution, and any additional information submitted by the institution, including a request for a delay; (7) based on its review, board staff shall make a recommendation to the board for deferral, approval, or disapproval, and the board shall take action by formal vote; and (8) if the board's determination is to disapprove the institution's request, the board shall provide a statement of reasons for the decision.
Programs approved by the board of higher education shall be included on an approved program list for 5 years. The institutions shall annually submit a status report on its approved programs to the board. Programs receiving deferrals from the board shall receive specific conditions that must be met and a timetable for coming into compliance. Programs not approved by the board may not re-apply for at least 1 calendar year following the board's determination.
When, in the judgment of the board staff, a review or inspection of a degree program is necessary, the board, in consultation with the applicant institution, shall select and appoint an external evaluation committee to serve in the following manner: (1) the committee shall review the materials submitted by the program, visit the institution, and submit a report to the board containing recommendations regarding the programs request for approval; (2) the number of reviewers on the committee shall be determined by size, number and level of the program being reviewed and shall, under no circumstances have fewer than 2 academicians; (3) to be eligible to serve as an evaluator, individuals shall have earned at least a master's degree in criminal justice or a closely related discipline and academic team members shall have professional experience in college-level teaching, research, administration or other relevant activities with institutions of higher education, and practitioners shall have at least 5 years of full-time supervisory or administrative experience as a criminal justice practitioner, as well as specific knowledge of or experience in criminal justice education; (4) no person shall serve as an evaluator who is employed by an institution considered by the board to be in direct competition with the institution under review; (5) no person shall serve as an evaluator who has a present or recent official or unofficial connection with the institution under review, or who the board has reason to believe has independent or pecuniary interest in the outcome of the board's final action; provided, however, that external evaluators shall have a disinterested professional commitment to the task of rendering objective finding and recommendations based upon empirical evidence and informed judgments; (6) each committee shall have a chairperson who shall be responsible for providing leadership to the committee, for being the committee's liaison with the institution and for preparing with other committee members, the committee's report; (7) the committee shall submit a written report, including recommendations to the board, and board staff shall forward a copy of the report to the institution to correct factual errors and respond to the content and recommendations within the report; (8) evaluators shall be given an honorarium by the board of higher education and all expenses shall be paid by the institution under review; and (9) evaluators shall be provided an orientation before conducting reviews.
Annually, each approved institution shall submit 2 copies of a report to the board reviewing the status of the institution's criminal justice and law enforcement program. This report shall certify that the criminal justice program is being maintained and operated within the provisions and guidelines set forth by the board of higher education guidelines for criminal justice and law enforcement programs. If at any time, in the judgment of the board staff, there is a reasonable probability of non-compliance with the board's guidelines by a particular institution, the board may review the institution to determine if continued approval of the institution is proper.
An institution that is in objection of an adverse decision may appeal the board's determination. The appeal shall be heard by a review panel appointed by the board of higher education and the findings and recommendations of the panel shall be received by the board whose decision shall be final.
Structure Massachusetts General Laws
Part I - Administration of the Government
Title VII - Cities, Towns and Districts
Chapter 41 - Officers and Employees of Cities, Towns and Districts
Section 1 - Town Officers to Be Elected; Tenure
Section 1b - Appointed Town Offices and Boards; Acceptance by Voters
Section 3 - City Officers; Powers and Duties
Section 4 - Penalty for Failure to Choose Selectmen or Assessors
Section 4a - Members of Town and District Boards Eligible to Hold Other Offices; Salary
Section 6 - Use of Official Ballots; Towns Authorized to Provide For
Section 7 - Use of Official Ballot; Determination of Extent
Section 8 - Handling of Ballots
Section 9 - Handling of Ballots After Tabulation; Sealing
Section 10 - Failure to Elect; Procedure to Fill Vacancy; Notice
Section 11 - Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Town Office
Section 12 - City Clerks; Tenure
Section 13 - Bond of Town Clerk
Section 13a - Bond of City Clerk
Section 13b - Renewal of Licenses and Permits; Delegation of Authority
Section 15 - Town Clerks; Powers and Duties
Section 15a - Certification of Appropriations
Section 16 - Oaths of Town Officers; Return of Certificate
Section 17 - Filing of City Contracts; Penalty for Noncompliance
Section 18 - Assistant City Clerk
Section 18a - Records of City Clerk; Attestation
Section 18b - Facsimile Signatures of City Clerk or Assistant City Clerk
Section 19 - Assistant Town Clerks; Powers and Duties; Compensation
Section 19a - Certificate of Appointment or Election of Clerk; Filing Requirements
Section 19b - City and Town Clerks; Tenure of Office
Section 19c - Acceptance of Sec. 19b; Procedure; Petition
Section 19d - Removal or Suspension of Clerk Having Permanent Tenure
Section 19f - Additional Compensation for Serving as Clerk of City Council
Section 19g - Additional Compensation for Serving as Member of Registrars of Voters
Section 19i - Additional Compensation for Serving in Other City or Town Positions
Section 19j - Additional Compensation for Serving as Member of Board of Registrars of Voters
Section 19k - Additional Compensation for Town Clerk
Section 20 - Selectmen; Duties and Oath; Penalty
Section 21 - Authorization for Selectmen to Act as or Appoint Other Town Officers
Section 22 - Officers Appointed by Selectmen; Tenure; Compensation; Vacancies
Section 23 - Rescission of Vote by Selectmen; Election of Other Officers; Tenure
Section 23a - Executive Secretary or Town Administrator; Appointment; Tenure
Section 23b - Town Departments; Investigations and Reports
Section 23c - Persons Acting on Behalf of Selectmen; Appointment and Removal
Section 23d - Municipal Data Processing Centers
Section 24 - Assessors; Number; Method of Selection; Tenure
Section 25 - Appointment by Selectmen; Tenure of Office
Section 25a - Assistant Assessors; Appointment by Assessors; Duties; Compensation; Tenure
Section 26 - Appointment by Selectmen Where Town So Votes
Section 26a - Employment of Counsel in Certain Proceedings
Section 28 - Powers and Duties of Assistant Assessors
Section 29 - Oath of Office; Penalty for Failure to Take Oath
Section 30 - Penalty for False Valuation
Section 30a - Vacancies; Effect on Powers of Remaining Assessors
Section 34b - Identification of Husbands and Wives in Documents and Communications
Section 35 - Bond of Treasurer; Duties
Section 36 - Powers of Treasurer; Prosecution of Actions
Section 38 - Powers of Tax Collector
Section 38a - Collection of Accounts Due City or Town; Powers and Duties of Tax Collector
Section 39 - Collection of Taxes by Constable
Section 39a - Assistant Treasurer
Section 39c - Assistant Collector
Section 40 - Temporary Town Officers
Section 41 - Payment of Compensation; Oath
Section 41a - Delivery of Payroll Checks to Department Heads
Section 41b - Payment of Public Employees by Direct Bank Credits
Section 41c - Deposits in Credit Union; Pension or Retirement Allowances
Section 42 - Contents of Pay Roll
Section 43a - Defense of Actions Against Treasurers and Collectors; Indemnification
Section 44 - Sinking Fund Commissioners; Election; Tenure; Appointment of Secretary and Treasurer
Section 45 - Board of Commissioners of Trust Funds; Membership; Powers and Duties
Section 45a - Commissioners in Towns Under Five Thousand Population
Section 46 - Town Treasurer; Duties; Bond
Section 47 - Powers and Duties
Section 48 - Tenure of City Auditor
Section 49 - Vacancy in Office of Auditor
Section 49a - Assistant Auditors; Powers and Duties; Compensation
Section 50 - Powers and Duties of Auditors
Section 51 - Accounts Payable; Notice to Creditors; Part Payments
Section 52 - Approval of Bills
Section 53 - Auditing of Public Trusts
Section 54 - Notice to Auditor of Payment of Public Funds to Treasurer
Section 54a - Notification to Assessors of Receipts
Section 55 - Town Accountant; Tenure; Powers and Duties
Section 56 - Warrants for Payment of Bills
Section 57 - Books of Account and Financial Records
Section 58 - Duties; Notice of Condition of Appropriations; Record of Appropriations
Section 59 - Annual Estimates; Furnishing to Town Accountant
Section 60 - Table of Estimated Appropriations
Section 62 - Highway Surveyor; Duties
Section 63 - Road and Sewer Commissioners
Section 64 - Road Commissioners; Powers and Duties
Section 65 - Sewer Commissioners; Powers and Duties
Section 66 - Superintendent of Streets; Appointment; Tenure
Section 67 - One Superintendent of Streets for Two or More Towns
Section 68 - Superintendent of Streets; Powers and Duties
Section 69 - Superintendent of Water or Sewer Department
Section 69a - Water Commissioners; Election; Tenure; Quorum; Vacancies
Section 69b - Water Commissioners; Powers and Duties
Section 69c - Submission of Adoption of Board of Public Works to Electorate; Ballot
Section 69d - Board of Public Works; Membership; Election; Tenure; Powers and Duties
Section 69e - Superintendent of Public Works; Appointment; Powers and Duties
Section 69f - Submission to Voters of Revocation of Acceptance; Conditions; Effect
Section 70 - Planning Board; Duties
Section 72 - Ordinances and By-Laws
Section 73 - Board of Survey; Membership; Length of Existence; Suspension of Powers and Duties
Section 74 - Approval of Plans Filed by Citizens
Section 75 - Preparation of Plans by Board
Section 76 - Substitution of New Plans
Section 77 - Construction or Alteration of Public Ways; Restrictions
Section 78 - Recordation of Plan; Necessity of Approval by Board
Section 79 - Entry Upon Lands by Board of Survey for Examinations and Surveys
Section 80 - Establishment and Discontinuance of Exterior Way Lines
Section 81a - Planning Board; Establishment; Membership; Tenure; Vacancies
Section 81b - Planning Board; Powers and Duties
Section 81c - Studies and Reports of Board; Acting as Park Commissioners
Section 81d - Master Plan; Economic Development Supplement
Section 81e - Official Map; Purpose; Recordation
Section 81f - Alteration of Official Map; Damages for Injuries
Section 81h - Part of Official Map; Laying Out, Altering or Relocating Public Ways
Section 81k - Designation of Subdivision Control Law
Section 81n - Territorial Extent of Law; Acceptance by Municipalities
Section 81o - Regulation of New Subdivisions
Section 81p - Approval of Plans Not Subject to Control Law; Procedure
Section 81q - Planning Board; Adoption of Rules and Regulations
Section 81r - Waiver of Strict Compliance With Rules and Regulations
Section 81s - Submission of Preliminary Plan; Approval or Disapproval; Recording
Section 81t - Notice of Submission of Plan; Hearing
Section 81u - Approval, Modification or Disapproval of Plan by Board; Prerequisites for Decision
Section 81v - Final Approval of Plan; Endorsements; Certificate
Section 81w - Modification, Amendment or Rescission of Approval of Plan; Conditions
Section 81x - Requirements for Registration of Plan
Section 81z - Board of Appeals; Membership; Tenure; Removal; Vacancies; Jurisdiction
Section 81aa - Board of Appeals; Rules; Meetings; Powers and Duties; Hearings
Section 81bb - Appeal to Superior Court; Counsel; Costs; Surety or Bond; Speedy Trial
Section 81cc - Powers of Planning Boards; Entry on Lands
Section 81dd - Application of Law; Damages
Section 81ee - Recordation; Evidence That Subdivision Control Law Is in Effect; Suspension
Section 81gg - Powers of Planning Boards Established Under Prior Law; Severability Provision
Section 82 - Authority to Establish Art Commissions
Section 83 - Appointment; Membership; Compensation; Tenure; Removal
Section 84 - Powers and Duties; Penalty
Section 86 - Powers and Duties; Penalty for Misrepresentation
Section 87 - Applicability of Secs. 85 and 86 to Weighers, etc., of Particular Commodities
Section 87a - Weighers and Measurers of Motor Vehicles and Trailers; Appointment
Section 89 - Deputy Weighers of Fish
Section 90 - Weighers of Fish; Penalty for Violation of Oath of Office
Section 90a - Interfering With Fish Weigher or Deputies; Penalty
Section 91 - Constables; Appointment and Removal in Cities
Section 91a - Constables; Appointment in Towns
Section 91b - Appointments; Qualifications; Application; Investigation
Section 92 - Service of Civil Process
Section 94 - Powers and Duties
Section 95 - Territorial Jurisdiction
Section 95a - Service of Civil Process Fees
Section 95b - Records of Service of Civil Process Fees
Section 96 - Police Officers; Appointment; Tenure; Discharge
Section 96a - Felons Disqualified
Section 97 - Police Departments; Establishment
Section 97a - Police Departments; Chief of Police; Powers and Duties
Section 97c - Special Telephone Exchange for Reporting of Rape
Section 97e - Chief of Police; Attendance at Conventions
Section 97f - Firefighter Duties; Performance by Police
Section 98 - Powers and Duties
Section 98a - Arrest on Fresh and Continued Pursuit
Section 98c - Badges; Identification by Name or Number
Section 98d - Identification Cards
Section 98e - Public Solicitations Using Words ''police'' or ''firefighters''
Section 98f - Daily Logs; Public Records; Confidentiality of Certain Entries
Section 98g - Domestic Abuse; Police Reports
Section 99 - Requisition of Police Officers by Other Towns
Section 99b - Regional Police District Law; Purpose of Secs. 99b to 99k
Section 99d - Town Elections for Acceptance; Ballots
Section 99e - Powers and Duties
Section 99f - Regional Police District Commission; Membership; Officers
Section 99g - Budget; Apportionment; Appropriations
Section 99i - Costs and Expenses; Annual Estimates; Apportionment; Assessment of Towns
Section 99j - Regional District Police Department; Pending Prosecutions; Personnel Transfers.
Section 100b - Indemnification of Retired Police Officers and Fire Fighters
Section 101 - Commissioner of Public Safety; Powers and Duties
Section 101a - Police Officers or Firefighters; Tobacco Smoking
Section 102 - Inspector of Health
Section 102a - Appointment in Towns Under Three Thousand Population
Section 102b - Appointment in Towns of 5,000 or More Inhabitants
Section 103 - Purchasing Department; Purchasing Agent; Duties and Salaries
Section 104 - Establishment of Purchasing Department; Submission to Electorate
Section 106 - Tree Warden; Appointment; Term
Section 106a - Town Physician; Appointment in Certain Towns
Section 106b - Capital Planning Committee; Establishment; Duties
Section 107 - Oath of Office; Beginning of Term
Section 108a - Classification of Positions; Compensation Plans; Rules and Regulations
Section 108b - Assessors and Tax Collectors in Districts; Compensation and Expenses
Section 108c - By-Laws Pertaining to Administration of Personnel; Consolidation
Section 108d - Fire Fighters; Minimum Annual Compensation
Section 108e - Policemen; Schedule of Minimum Annual Compensation
Section 108f - Fire Fighters; Schedule of Minimum Annual Compensation
Section 108g - Policemen; Alternate Schedule of Minimum Annual Compensation
Section 108h - Fire Fighters Assigned to Photographic Work; Additional Compensation
Section 108j - Equal Pay of Male and Female Employees
Section 108k - Female Police Officers; Equality of Compensation
Section 108n1/2 - Employment Contracts for Appointed Municipal Treasurers, Assessors or Collectors
Section 108o - Employment Contracts for Police Chiefs and Fire Chiefs
Section 108p - Additional Compensation for Collectors or Treasurers
Section 109 - Resignation; Notice; Residence Requirements
Section 109a - Fidelity Bonds; Payment of Premiums
Section 110 - Authorization for Holidays
Section 110a - Office Hours on Saturday
Section 111 - Vacations of Certain Employees
Section 111a - Vacations for Police and Firemen
Section 111b - Sick Leaves; Accumulation
Section 111c - Attendance by Employee Veterans at Funerals or Memorial Services for Veterans
Section 111d - Vacations for Police and Firemen
Section 111e - Vacation Pay for Terminated Employees; Conditions
Section 111f - Leave With Pay for Incapacitated Employees
Section 111g - Additional Vacation Time for Longevity
Section 111g1/2 - Vacations; Duration
Section 111h - Overtime Pay for Police Officers; Conditions
Section 111i - Compensation Due Deceased Employees; Disposition
Section 111j - Attendance at Veterans' Conventions
Section 111k - Firemen; Summer Vacations
Section 111l - Policemen and Firemen; Vacations; 20 Years' Service
Section 111m - Emergency Medical Technicians; Leave Without Loss of Pay While Incapacitated
Section 111n - Indemnification of Emergency Medical Technicians for Certain Expenses
Section 112 - Preference in Public Employment
Section 112a - Veterans in Unclassified Positions; Procedure for Involuntary Separation
Section 113 - Use of Official Ballots
Section 114 - Application of Election Laws
Section 115 - Nomination Papers; Filing; Certificates of Nomination
Section 116 - Duties of Prudential Committee and Clerk in Certain Districts
Section 117 - District Elections; Provision for Election Equipment; Liability for Expenses
Section 118 - District Elections; Provision for Forms, Tally and Vote Sheets
Section 119 - District Meetings; Qualifications
Section 120 - Fiscal Year of Districts
Section 121 - District Treasurers; Qualifications
Section 122 - Temporary Treasurer; Appointment; Bond
Section 123 - Temporary Clerk; Appointment; Bond
Section 123a - Assistant Treasurers and Assistant Clerks; Appointment; Bond
Section 124 - Fire and Water Districts; Appropriation for Cost of Water Favorability Studies
Section 125 - Temporary Housing Assistance Plans
Section 130 - Applicability of Town Tenure Provisions to Districts
Section 132 - Tenure Limitations
Section 133 - Appointment and Reappointment of Police Officers