Massachusetts General Laws
Title XXII - Corporations
Chapter 156d - Business Corporations

Section 7.27 - Greater or Lesser Quorum or Voting Requirements for Shareholders - Section 7.27. GREATER OR LESSER QUORUM OR VOTING REQUIREMENTS FOR...

Section 7.28 - Voting for Directors; Cumulative Voting - Section 7.28. VOTING FOR DIRECTORS; CUMULATIVE VOTING (a) Unless otherwise...

Section 7.29 - Form of Shareholder Action - Section 7.29. FORM OF SHAREHOLDER ACTION (a) Any vote, consent,...

Section 7.30 - Voting Trusts - Section 7.30. VOTING TRUSTS (a) One or more shareholders may...

Section 7.31 - Voting Agreements - Section 7.31. VOTING AGREEMENTS (a) An agreement between 2 or...

Section 7.32 - Shareholder Agreements - Section 7.32. SHAREHOLDER AGREEMENTS (a) An agreement among the shareholders...

Section 7.40 - Subdivision Definitions - Section 7.40. SUBDIVISION DEFINITIONS In this SUBDIVISION the following words...

Section 7.41 - Standing - Section 7.41. STANDING A shareholder may not commence or maintain...

Section 7.42 - Demand - Section 7.42. DEMAND No shareholder may commence a derivative proceeding...

Section 7.43 - Stay of Proceedings - Section 7.43. STAY OF PROCEEDINGS If the corporation commences an...

Section 7.44 - Dismissal - Section 7.44. DISMISSAL (a) A derivative proceeding commenced after rejection...

Section 7.45 - Discontinuance or Settlement - Section 7.45. DISCONTINUANCE OR SETTLEMENT A derivative proceeding may not...

Section 7.46 - Payment of Expenses - Section 7.46. PAYMENT OF EXPENSES On termination of the derivative...

Section 7.47 - Applicability to Foreign Corporations - Section 7.47. APPLICABILITY TO FOREIGN CORPORATIONS In any derivative proceeding...

Section 8.01 - Requirement for and Duties of Board of Directors - Section 8.01. REQUIREMENT FOR AND DUTIES OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS...

Section 8.02 - Qualifications of Directors - Section 8.02. QUALIFICATIONS OF DIRECTORS The articles of organization or...

Section 8.03 - Number and Election of Directors - Section 8.03. NUMBER AND ELECTION OF DIRECTORS (a) A board...

Section 8.04 - Election of Directors by Certain Classes of Shareholders - Section 8.04. ELECTION OF DIRECTORS BY CERTAIN CLASSES OF SHAREHOLDERS...

Section 8.05 - Terms of Directors Generally - Section 8.05. TERMS OF DIRECTORS GENERALLY (a) The terms of...

Section 8.06 - Staggered Terms for Directors - Section 8.06. STAGGERED TERMS FOR DIRECTORS (a) The articles of...

Section 8.07 - Resignation of Directors - Section 8.07. RESIGNATION OF DIRECTORS (a) A director may resign...

Section 8.08 - Removal of Directors - Section 8.08. REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS (a) Subject to subsection (b)...

Section 8.10 - Vacancy on Board - Section 8.10. VACANCY ON BOARD (a) Unless the articles of...

Section 8.11 - Compensation of Directors - Section 8.11. COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS Unless the articles of organization...

Section 8.20 - Meetings - Section 8.20. MEETINGS (a) The board of directors may hold...

Section 8.21 - Action Without Meeting - Section 8.21. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING (a) Unless the articles of...

Section 8.22 - Notice of Meeting - Section 8.22. NOTICE OF MEETING (a) Unless the articles of...

Section 8.23 - Waiver of Notice - Section 8.23. WAIVER OF NOTICE (a) A director may waive...

Section 8.24 - Quorum and Voting - Section 8.24. QUORUM AND VOTING (a) Subject to subsection (b),...

Section 8.25 - Committees - Section 8.25. COMMITTEES (a) Unless the articles of organization or...

Section 8.30 - General Standards for Directors - Section 8.30. GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DIRECTORS (a) A director shall...

Section 8.31 - Director Conflict of Interest - Section 8.31. DIRECTOR CONFLICT OF INTEREST (a) A conflict of...

Section 8.32 - Loans to Directors - Section 8.32. LOANS TO DIRECTORS (a) Except as provided by...

Section 8.40 - Required Officers - Section 8.40. REQUIRED OFFICERS (a) A corporation shall have a...

Section 8.41 - Duties of Officers - Section 8.41. DUTIES OF OFFICERS Each officer has the authority...

Section 8.42 - Standards of Conduct for Officers - Section 8.42. STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR OFFICERS (a) An officer...

Section 8.43 - Resignation and Removal of Officers - Section 8.43. RESIGNATION AND REMOVAL OF OFFICERS (a) An officer...

Section 8.44 - Contract Rights of Officers - Section 8.44. CONTRACT RIGHTS OF OFFICERS (a) The appointment of...

Section 8.45 - Certificate of Change in Officers or Directors - Section 8.45. CERTIFICATE OF CHANGE IN OFFICERS OR DIRECTORS Whenever...

Section 8.46 - Instruments Affecting Real Estate - Section 8.46. INSTRUMENTS AFFECTING REAL ESTATE Any recordable instrument purporting...

Section 8.50 - Subdivision Definitions - Section 8.50. SUBDIVISION DEFINITIONS In this SUBDIVISION the following words...

Section 8.51 - Permissible Indemnification - Section 8.51. PERMISSIBLE INDEMNIFICATION (a) Except as otherwise provided in...

Section 8.52 - Mandatory Indemnification - Section 8.52. MANDATORY INDEMNIFICATION A corporation shall indemnify a director...

Section 8.53 - Advance for Expenses - Section 8.53. ADVANCE FOR EXPENSES (a) A corporation may, before...

Section 8.54 - Court-Ordered Indemnification and Advance for Expenses - Section 8.54. COURT–ORDERED INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCE FOR EXPENSES (a) A...

Section 8.55 - Determination and Authorization of Indemnification - Section 8.55. DETERMINATION AND AUTHORIZATION OF INDEMNIFICATION (a) A corporation...

Section 8.56 - Officers - Section 8.56. OFFICERS (a) A corporation may indemnify and advance...

Section 8.57 - Insurance - Section 8.57. INSURANCE A corporation may purchase and maintain insurance...

Section 8.58 - Variation by Corporate Action; Application of Subchapter - Section 8.58. VARIATION BY CORPORATE ACTION; APPLICATION OF SUBDIVISION (a)...

Section 8.59 - Exclusivity of Subdivision - Section 8.59. EXCLUSIVITY OF SUBDIVISION The indemnification and advancement of...

Section 9.20 - Domestication - Section 9.20. DOMESTICATION (a) A foreign business corporation may become...

Section 9.21 - Action on a Plan of Domestication - Section 9.21. ACTION ON A PLAN OF DOMESTICATION In the...

Section 9.22 - Articles of Domestication - Section 9.22. ARTICLES OF DOMESTICATION (a) After the domestication of...

Section 9.23 - Surrender of Charter Upon Domestication - Section 9.23. SURRENDER OF CHARTER UPON DOMESTICATION (a) Whenever a...

Section 9.24 - Effect of Domestication - Section 9.24. EFFECT OF DOMESTICATION (a) When a domestication of...

Section 9.25 - Abandonment of a Domestication - Section 9.25. ABANDONMENT OF A DOMESTICATION (a) Unless otherwise provided...

Section 9.30 - Nonprofit Conversion - Section 9.30. NONPROFIT CONVERSION (a) A domestic business corporation may...

Section 9.31 - Action on a Plan of Nonprofit Conversion - Section 9.31. ACTION ON A PLAN OF NONPROFIT CONVERSION In...

Section 9.32 - Articles of Nonprofit Conversion - Section 9.32. ARTICLES OF NONPROFIT CONVERSION (a) After a plan...

Section 9.33 - Surrender of Charter Upon Foreign Nonprofit Conversion - Section 9.33. SURRENDER OF CHARTER UPON FOREIGN NONPROFIT CONVERSION (a)...

Section 9.34 - Effect of Nonprofit Conversion - Section 9.34. EFFECT OF NONPROFIT CONVERSION (a) When a conversion...

Section 9.35 - Abandonment of a Nonprofit Conversion - Section 9.35. ABANDONMENT OF A NONPROFIT CONVERSION (a) Unless otherwise...

Section 9.40 - Foreign Nonprofit Domestication and Conversion - Section 9.40. FOREIGN NONPROFIT DOMESTICATION AND CONVERSION A foreign nonprofit...

Section 9.41 - Articles of Domestication and Conversion - Section 9.41. ARTICLES OF DOMESTICATION AND CONVERSION (a) After the...

Section 9.42 - Effect of Foreign Nonprofit Domestication and Conversion - Section 9.42. EFFECT OF FOREIGN NONPROFIT DOMESTICATION AND CONVERSION (a)...

Section 9.43 - Abandonment of a Foreign Nonprofit Domestication and Conversion - Section 9.43. ABANDONMENT OF A FOREIGN NONPROFIT DOMESTICATION AND CONVERSION...

Section 9.50 - Entity Conversion Authorized; Definitions - Section 9.50. ENTITY CONVERSION AUTHORIZED; DEFINITIONS (a) A domestic business...

Section 9.51 - Plan of Entity Conversion - Section 9.51. PLAN OF ENTITY CONVERSION (a) A plan of...

Section 9.52 - Action on a Plan of Entity Conversion - Section 9.52. ACTION ON A PLAN OF ENTITY CONVERSION In...

Section 9.53 - Articles of Entity Conversion - Section 9.53. ARTICLES OF ENTITY CONVERSION (a) After the conversion...

Section 9.54 - Surrender of Charter Upon Conversion - Section 9.54. SURRENDER OF CHARTER UPON CONVERSION (a) Whenever a...

Section 9.55 - Effect of Entity Conversion - Section 9.55. EFFECT OF ENTITY CONVERSION (a) When a conversion...

Section 9.56 - Abandonment of an Entity Conversion - Section 9.56. ABANDONMENT OF AN ENTITY CONVERSION (a) Unless otherwise...

Section 10.01 - Authority to Amend - Section 10.01. AUTHORITY TO AMEND (a) A corporation may amend...

Section 10.02 - Amendment Before Issuance of Shares - Section 10.02. AMENDMENT BEFORE ISSUANCE OF SHARES If a corporation...

Section 10.03 - Amendment by Board of Directors and Shareholders; Exception - Section 10.03. AMENDMENT BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS; EXCEPTION...

Section 10.04 - Voting on Amendments by Voting Groups - Section 10.04. VOTING ON AMENDMENTS BY VOTING GROUPS (a) The...

Section 10.05 - Amendment by Board of Directors - Section 10.05. AMENDMENT BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Unless the articles...

Section 10.06 - Articles of Amendment - Section 10.06. ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT After an amendment to the...

Section 10.07 - Restated Articles of Organization - Section 10.07. RESTATED ARTICLES OF ORGANIZATION (a) A corporation's board...

Section 10.08 - Effect of Amendment - Section 10.08. EFFECT OF AMENDMENT An amendment to the articles...

Section 10.20 - Amendment by Board of Directors or Shareholders - Section 10.20. AMENDMENT BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS OR SHAREHOLDERS (a)...

Section 10.21 - Bylaw Dealing With Quorum or Voting Requirements for Shareholders - Section 10.21. BYLAW DEALING WITH QUORUM OR VOTING REQUIREMENTS FOR...

Section 10.22 - Bylaw Dealing With Quorum or Voting Requirements for Board of Directors - Section 10.22. BYLAW DEALING WITH QUORUM OR VOTING REQUIREMENTS FOR...

Section 11.01 - Definitions - Section 11.01. DEFINITIONS As used in this PART: ''Interests'', includes...

Section 11.02 - Merger - Section 11.02. MERGER One or more domestic corporations may merge...

Section 11.03 - Share Exchange - Section 11.03. SHARE EXCHANGE (a) Through a share exchange: (1)...

Section 11.04 - Action on a Plan of Merger or Share Exchange - Section 11.04. ACTION ON A PLAN OF MERGER OR SHARE...

Section 11.05 - Merger Between Parent and Subsidiary or Between Subsidiaries - Section 11.05. MERGER BETWEEN PARENT AND SUBSIDIARY OR BETWEEN SUBSIDIARIES...

Section 11.06 - Articles of Merger or Share Exchange - Section 11.06. ARTICLES OF MERGER OR SHARE EXCHANGE (a) After...

Section 11.07 - Effect of Merger or Share Exchange - Section 11.07. EFFECT OF MERGER OR SHARE EXCHANGE (a) When...

Section 11.08 - Abandonment of a Merger or Share Exchange - Section 11.08. ABANDONMENT OF A MERGER OR SHARE EXCHANGE (a)...

Section 12.01 - Sale of Assets in Regular Course of Business and Mortgage of Assets - Section 12.01. SALE OF ASSETS IN REGULAR COURSE OF BUSINESS...

Section 12.02 - Sale of Assets Other Than in Regular Course of Business - Section 12.02. SALE OF ASSETS OTHER THAN IN REGULAR COURSE...

Section 13.01 - Definitions - Section 13.01. DEFINITIONS In this PART the following words shall...

Section 13.02 - Right to Appraisal - Section 13.02. RIGHT TO APPRAISAL (a) A shareholder is entitled...

Section 13.03 - Assertion of Rights by Nominees and Beneficial Owners - Section 13.03. ASSERTION OF RIGHTS BY NOMINEES AND BENEFICIAL OWNERS...

Section 13.20 - Notice of Appraisal Rights - Section 13.20. NOTICE OF APPRAISAL RIGHTS (a) If proposed corporate...

Section 13.21 - Notice of Intent to Demand Payment - Section 13.21. NOTICE OF INTENT TO DEMAND PAYMENT (a) If...

Section 13.22 - Appraisal Notice and Form - Section 13.22. APPRAISAL NOTICE AND FORM (a) If proposed corporate...

Section 13.23 - Perfection of Rights; Right to Withdraw - Section 13.23. PERFECTION OF RIGHTS; RIGHT TO WITHDRAW (a) A...

Section 13.24 - Payment - Section 13.24. PAYMENT (a) Except as provided in section 13.25,...

Section 13.25 - After-Acquired Shares - Section 13.25. AFTER–ACQUIRED SHARES (a) A corporation may elect to...

Section 13.26 - Procedure if Shareholder Dissatisfied With Payment or Offer - Section 13.26. PROCEDURE IF SHAREHOLDER DISSATISFIED WITH PAYMENT OR OFFER...

Section 13.30 - Court Action - Section 13.30. COURT ACTION (a) If a shareholder makes demand...

Section 13.31 - Court Costs and Counsel Fees - Section 13.31. COURT COSTS AND COUNSEL FEES (a) The court...

Section 14.01 - Dissolution by Incorporators or Initial Directors - Section 14.01. DISSOLUTION BY INCORPORATORS OR INITIAL DIRECTORS A majority...

Section 14.02 - Dissolution by Board of Directors and Shareholders, or Otherwise in Accordance With Articles of Organization - Section 14.02. DISSOLUTION BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS, OR...

Section 14.03 - Articles of Dissolution - Section 14.03. ARTICLES OF DISSOLUTION (a) At any time after...

Section 14.04 - Revocation of Dissolution - Section 14.04. REVOCATION OF DISSOLUTION (a) A corporation may revoke...

Section 14.05 - Effect of Dissolution - Section 14.05. EFFECT OF DISSOLUTION (a) A dissolved corporation continues...

Section 14.06 - Known Non-Contingent Claims Against Dissolved Corporation - Section 14.06. KNOWN NON–CONTINGENT CLAIMS AGAINST DISSOLVED CORPORATION (a) With...

Section 14.07 - Unknown Claims Against Dissolved Corporation - Section 14.07. UNKNOWN CLAIMS AGAINST DISSOLVED CORPORATION (a) With respect...

Section 14.08 - Creation of Reserves as Adequate Provision for Unasserted Product Liability Claims and Known Contingent Claims Against Dissolved Corporation - Section 14.08. CREATION OF RESERVES AS ADEQUATE PROVISION FOR UNASSERTED...

Section 14.09 - Enforcement of Claims Against Dissolved Corporation - Section 14.09. ENFORCEMENT OF CLAIMS AGAINST DISSOLVED CORPORATION (a) A...

Section 14.20 - Grounds for Administrative Dissolution - Section 14.20. GROUNDS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE DISSOLUTION The secretary of state...

Section 14.21 - Procedure for and Effect of Administrative Dissolution - Section 14.21. PROCEDURE FOR AND EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE DISSOLUTION (a)...

Section 14.22 - Reinstatement Following Administrative Dissolution - Section 14.22. REINSTATEMENT FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATIVE DISSOLUTION (a) A corporation administratively...

Section 14.23 - Appeal From Denial of Reinstatement - Section 14.23. APPEAL FROM DENIAL OF REINSTATEMENT (a) If the...

Section 14.30 - Grounds for Judicial Dissolution - Section 14.30. GROUNDS FOR JUDICIAL DISSOLUTION The superior court located...

Section 14.31 - Procedure for Judicial Dissolution - Section 14.31. PROCEDURE FOR JUDICIAL DISSOLUTION (a) Venue for a...

Section 14.32 - Receivership or Custodianship - Section 14.32. RECEIVERSHIP OR CUSTODIANSHIP (a) A court in a...

Section 14.33 - Decree of Dissolution - Section 14.33. DECREE OF DISSOLUTION (a) If after a hearing...

Section 14.34 - Reorganization Under a Statute of the United States; Effectuation - Section 14.34. REORGANIZATION UNDER A STATUTE OF THE UNITED STATES:...

Section 14.40 - Deposit With Treasurer of the Commonwealth - Section 14.40. DEPOSIT WITH TREASURER OF THE COMMONWEALTH Assets of...

Section 15.01 - Authority to Transact Business Required - Section 15.01. AUTHORITY TO TRANSACT BUSINESS REQUIRED (a) A foreign...

Section 15.02 - Consequences of Transacting Business Without Authority - Section 15.02. CONSEQUENCES OF TRANSACTING BUSINESS WITHOUT AUTHORITY (a) A...

Section 15.03 - Delivering Certificate by Foreign Corporation - Section 15.03. DELIVERING CERTIFICATE BY FOREIGN CORPORATION (a) A foreign...

Section 15.04 - Amended Certificate - Section 15.04. AMENDED CERTIFICATE (a) A foreign corporation that has...

Section 15.05 - Effect of Filing of Certificate - Section 15.05. EFFECT OF FILING OF CERTIFICATE (a) The delivering...

Section 15.06 - Corporate Name of Foreign Corporation - Section 15.06. CORPORATE NAME OF FOREIGN CORPORATION (a) If the...

Section 15.07 - Registered Office and Registered Agent of Foreign Corporation - Section 15.07. REGISTERED OFFICE AND REGISTERED AGENT OF FOREIGN CORPORATION...

Section 15.08 - Change of Registered Office or Registered Agent of Foreign Corporation - Section 15.08. CHANGE OF REGISTERED OFFICE OR REGISTERED AGENT OF...

Section 15.09 - Resignation of Registered Agent of Foreign Corporation - Section 15.09. RESIGNATION OF REGISTERED AGENT OF FOREIGN CORPORATION (a)...

Section 15.10 - Liability to Be Sued; Service on Foreign Corporation - Section 15.10. LIABILITY TO BE SUED; SERVICE ON FOREIGN CORPORATION...

Section 15.11 - False Reports or Statements - Section 15.11. FALSE REPORTS OR STATEMENTS (a) An officer of...

Section 15.20 - Withdrawal of Foreign Corporation - Section 15.20. WITHDRAWAL OF FOREIGN CORPORATION (a) A foreign corporation...

Section 15.21 - Automatic Withdrawal Upon Certain Conversions - Section 15.21. AUTOMATIC WITHDRAWAL UPON CERTAIN CONVERSIONS A foreign business...

Section 15.22 - Withdrawal Upon Conversion to a Nonfiling Entity - Section 15.22. WITHDRAWAL UPON CONVERSION TO A NONFILING ENTITY (a)...

Section 15.23 - Transfer of Authority - Section 15.23. TRANSFER OF AUTHORITY (a) A foreign business corporation...

Section 15.30 - Grounds for Revocation - Section 15.30. GROUNDS FOR REVOCATION The secretary of state may...

Section 15.31 - Procedure for and Effect of Revocation - Section 15.31. PROCEDURE FOR AND EFFECT OF REVOCATION (a) If...

Section 15.32 - Appeal From Revocation - Section 15.32. APPEAL FROM REVOCATION (a) A foreign corporation the...

Section 16.01 - Corporate Records - Section 16.01. CORPORATE RECORDS (a) A corporation shall keep as...

Section 16.02 - Inspection of Records by Shareholders - Section 16.02. INSPECTION OF RECORDS BY SHAREHOLDERS (a) A shareholder...

Section 16.03 - Scope of Inspection Right - Section 16.03. SCOPE OF INSPECTION RIGHT (a) A shareholder's agent...

Section 16.04 - Court-Ordered Inspection - Section 16.04. COURT–ORDERED INSPECTION (a) If a corporation does not...

Section 16.05 - Inspection of Records by Directors - Section 16.05. INSPECTION OF RECORDS BY DIRECTORS (a) A director...

Section 16.06 - Exception to Notice Requirement; Consequences of Inability to Deliver Notice - Section 16.06. EXCEPTION TO NOTICE REQUIREMENT; CONSEQUENCES OF INABILITY TO...

Section 16.20 - Financial Statement for Shareholders - Section 16.20. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR SHAREHOLDERS (a) A corporation shall...

Section 16.21 - By-Law Amendments - Section 16.21. BY–LAW AMENDMENTS If the board of directors of...

Section 16.22 - Annual Report for Secretary of State - Section 16.22. ANNUAL REPORT FOR SECRETARY OF STATE (a) Each...

Section 17.01 - Application to Existing Domestic Corporations - Section 17.01. APPLICATION TO EXISTING DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS Except so far...

Section 17.02 - Application to Qualified Foreign Corporations - Section 17.02. APPLICATION TO QUALIFIED FOREIGN CORPORATIONS A foreign corporation...

Section 17.03 - Saving Provisions - Section 17.03. SAVING PROVISIONS (a) Except as provided in subsection...

Section 17.04 - Severability - Section 17.04. SEVERABILITY If any provision of this chapter or...

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Massachusetts General Laws Title XXII - Corporations Chapter 156d - Business Corporations

Massachusetts General Laws
Title XXII - Corporations
Chapter 156d - Business Corporations