Connecticut General Statutes
Chapter 899 - Evidence
Section 52-179. - Seal and its equivalent.

All instruments in writing executed by any person or corporation not having an official or corporate seal, purporting and intended to be a specialty or under seal, and not otherwise sealed than by the addition of the word “seal” or the letters “L.S.”, or, in the case of an official or corporate seal, by an impression of such seal upon the paper or other material employed, shall be deemed in all respects sealed instruments, and received in evidence as such.

(1949 Rev., S. 7902.)
A scrawl is no seal at common law. 17 C. 343. Effect of section and of seal upon an instrument in general. 97 C. 196. Word “seal” or letters “L.S.” do not make instrument a specialty unless instrument itself purports to be a specialty and it was intended to be. 110 C. 413. Cited. 141 C. 583; 211 C. 555.
Affixing of corporate seal on instrument renders it in all respects a sealed instrument. 2 CS 163. Whether or not a mark is a seal depends on the intent. 9 CS 393. Word “seal” does not automatically denote intention to make a sealed instrument. 30 CS 596.
Whether defendants adopted seal was under pleading, a question of contested fact; consequently, intention of defendants with reference to their sealing of instrument should not, as it was, have been disposed of summarily as matter of law. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 78, 84.

Structure Connecticut General Statutes

Connecticut General Statutes

Title 52 - Civil Actions

Chapter 899 - Evidence

Section 52-143. - Subpoenas for witnesses. Penalty for failure to appear and testify.

Section 52-144. - Form of subpoena.

Section 52-145. - Certain witnesses not disqualified. Credibility.

Section 52-146. - Wife as a witness against her husband.

Section 52-146b. - Privileged communications made to clergymen.

Section 52-146c. - Privileged communications between psychologist and patient.

Section 52-146d. (Formerly Sec. 52-146a). - Privileged communications between psychiatric mental health provider and patient. Definitions.

Section 52-146e. - Disclosure of communications.

Section 52-146f. - Consent not required for disclosure, when.

Section 52-146g. - Access to communications and records by persons engaged in research.

Section 52-146h. - Transfer of information to Commissioner of Mental Health and Addiction Services. Storage of records and communications.

Section 52-146i. - Labeling of confidential records.

Section 52-146j. - Judicial relief.

Section 52-146k. - Privileged communications between victim and domestic violence counselor or sexual assault counselor.

Section 52-146l. - Disclosure of privileged communication by interpreter prohibited.

Section 52-146m. - Communication made by or to person who is deaf or hard of hearing with assistance of operator of special telecommunications equipment deemed privileged.

Section 52-146n. - Disclosure of confidential communications between Judicial Department employee and employee assistance program counselor prohibited. Information re participation in employee assistance program.

Section 52-146o. - Disclosure of patient communication or information by physician, surgeon or health care provider prohibited.

Section 52-146p. - Disclosure of privileged communications between marital and family therapist and person consulting such therapist prohibited. Exceptions.

Section 52-146q. - Disclosure of confidential communications between social worker and person consulting such social worker prohibited. Exceptions.

Section 52-146r. - Disclosure of confidential communications between government attorney and public official or employee of public agency prohibited.

Section 52-146s. - Disclosure of confidential information between professional counselor and person consulting such professional counselor prohibited. Exceptions.

Section 52-146t. - Protection from compelled disclosure of information obtained by news media.

Section 52-146u. - Disclosure of confidential communication between public defender and represented person prohibited.

Section 52-146v. - Disclosure of confidential communications between peer support team member and first responder prohibited. Exceptions.

Section 52-146w. - Disclosure of patient communication or information relating to reproductive health care services by covered entity prohibited. Exceptions.

Section 52-146x. - Disclosure of patient communication or information relating to gender-affirming health care services or reproductive health care services by covered entity prohibited. Exceptions.

Section 52-147. - Written statements in actions to recover damages for personal injuries.

Section 52-148. - Depositions in civil actions and probate proceedings.

Section 52-148a. - Taking of depositions. When court order necessary.

Section 52-148b. - Notice of taking of deposition.

Section 52-148c. - *(See end of section for amended version and effective date.) Before whom depositions may be taken.

Section 52-148d. - Requirements for taking of depositions. Party subject to taking of deposition.

Section 52-148e. - Issuance of subpoena for taking of deposition. Deposition to be used in federal court or court of other state or foreign country. Objection to subpoena.

Section 52-149. - Depositions of persons sixty years old.

Section 52-149a. - Depositions of medical witnesses.

Section 52-150. - Interested persons not to write depositions.

Section 52-151. - Custody and opening of depositions.

Section 52-152. - Depositions of persons in armed forces.

Section 52-153 and 52-154. - Subpoena to deponent; commitment. Commission to take deposition of nonresident; notice where whereabouts of adverse party unknown.

Section 52-155. - (Note: This section is repealed, effective July 1, 2023.) Depositions before commissioner appointed by other jurisdiction. Compulsory process for witnesses.

Section 52-155a. - Limitations on issuance of out-of-state subpoena request relating to reproductive health care services.

Section 52-155b. - Limitations on issuance of out-of-state subpoena request relating to gender-affirming health care services or reproductive health care services.

Section 52-156. - Preservation of the testimony of a witness.

Section 52-156a. - Deposition to perpetuate testimony before action or pending appeal.

Section 52-157. - Taking of deposition may be adjourned.

Section 52-158. - Deposition may be used in Appellate Court.

Section 52-159. - Deposition may be used in another action.

Section 52-159a. - Disclosure of names or reports of plaintiff's expert witnesses in malpractice action.

Section 52-160. - Admissibility in subsequent trial of testimony of witness recorded in former trial.

Section 52-161. - Transcript of stenographer's or court reporter's record part of official record.

Section 52-161a. - Subpoenaing of court reporter as witness.

Section 52-161b. - Subpoenaing of crime victim by pro se litigant. Court authorization required.

Section 52-162. - Exemplification of laws of other states.

Section 52-163. - Judicial notice of special acts, regulations of state and municipal agencies and municipal ordinances.

Section 52-163a. - Determination of the law of jurisdictions outside this state.

Section 52-164. - Reports of judicial decisions of other states.

Section 52-165. - Records of corporations and public offices.

Section 52-166. - Orders of state officials.

Section 52-167. - Corporation certificates; copies as prima facie evidence.

Section 52-168. - U.S. revenue stamps on recorded documents.

Section 52-169. - Protests of bills and notes.

Section 52-170. - Records of directors of health and religious societies.

Section 52-171. - Sworn copies of files and records.

Section 52-172. - Declarations and memoranda of deceased persons.

Section 52-173. - Entries admissible for those claiming title from decedent.

Section 52-174. - Admissibility of records and reports of certain expert witnesses as business entries.

Section 52-174a. - Admissibility of reports or bills re pregnancy, childbirth or genetic or blood testing as business record.

Section 52-175. - Entries and memoranda of mentally ill and incapable persons.

Section 52-175a. - Negligence action, construction of acts of blind person.

Section 52-176. - Promise to pay barred debt to be in writing.

Section 52-177. - Action on bond. Burden of proving value of principal's interest.

Section 52-178. - Adverse party or officer, agent or employee thereof may be compelled to testify.

Section 52-178a. - Physical examination of plaintiff, when.

Section 52-179. - Seal and its equivalent.

Section 52-180. - Admissibility of business entries and photographic copies.

Section 52-180a. - Admissibility of out-of-state hospital record or bill for treatment.

Section 52-180b. - *(See end of section for amended version and effective date.) Presumption against admission of evidence of prior criminal conviction of applicant or employee.

Section 52-180c. - Admissibility of evidence of sexual misconduct.

Section 52-181. - Evidence of death or capture.

Section 52-182. - Presumption of family car or motorboat in operation by certain person.

Section 52-183. - Presumption of agency in motor vehicle operation.

Section 52-184a. - Evidence obtained illegally by electronic device inadmissible.

Section 52-184b. - Failure to bill and advance payments inadmissible in malpractice cases.

Section 52-184c. - Standard of care in negligence action against health care provider. Qualifications of expert witness.

Section 52-184d. - Inadmissibility of apology made by health care provider to alleged victim of unanticipated outcome of medical care.

Section 52-184e. - Admissibility of amount of damages awarded to plaintiff in separate action against different health care provider.