New York Laws
Title 2 - John R. Lewis Voting Rights Act of New York
17-210 - Preclearance.

(a) Method of election;
(b) Form of government;
(c) Annexation of a political subdivision;
(d) Incorporation of a political subdivision;
(e) Consolidation or division of political subdivisions;
(f) Removal of voters from enrollment lists or other list maintenance
activities;
(g) Number, location, or hours of any election day or early voting
poll site;
(h) Dates of elections and the election calendar, except with respect
to special elections;
(i) Registration of voters;
(j) Assignment of election districts to election day or early voting
poll sites;
(k) Assistance offered to members of a language-minority group; and
(l) Any additional topics designated by the civil rights bureau
pursuant to a rule promulgated under the state administrative procedure
act, upon a determination by the civil rights bureau that a new or
modified voting qualification, prerequisite to voting, law, ordinance,
standard, practice, procedure, regulation, or policy concerning such
topics may have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on
account of race, color, or language-minority group.
3. Covered entity. A "covered entity" shall include: (a) any political
subdivision which, within the previous twenty-five years, has become
subject to a court order or government enforcement action based upon a
finding of any violation of this title, the federal voting rights act,
the fifteenth amendment to the United States constitution, or a
voting-related violation of the fourteenth amendment to the United
States constitution; (b) any political subdivision which, within the
previous twenty-five years, has become subject to at least three court
orders or government enforcement actions based upon a finding of any
violation of any state or federal civil rights law or the fourteenth
amendment to the United States constitution concerning discrimination
against members of a protected class; (c) any county in which, based on
data provided by the division of criminal justice services, the combined
misdemeanor and felony arrest rate of members of any protected class
consisting of at least ten thousand citizens of voting age or whose
members comprise at least ten percent of the citizen voting age
population of the county, exceeds the proportion that the protected
class constitutes of the citizen voting age population of the county as
a whole by at least twenty percent at any point within the previous ten
years; or (d) any political subdivision in which, based on data made
available by the United States census, the dissimilarity index of any
protected class consisting of at least twenty-five thousand citizens of
voting age or whose members comprise at least ten percent of the citizen
voting age population of the political subdivision, is in excess of
fifty with respect to non-Hispanic white citizens of voting age within
the political subdivision at any point within the previous ten years. If

any covered entity is a political subdivision in which a board of
elections has been established, that board of elections shall also be
deemed a covered entity. If any political subdivision in which a board
of elections has been established contains a covered entity fully within
its borders, that political subdivision and that board of elections
shall both be deemed a covered entity.
4. Preclearance by the attorney general. A covered entity may obtain
preclearance for a covered policy from the civil rights bureau pursuant
to the following process:
(a) The covered entity shall submit the covered policy in writing to
the civil rights bureau. If the covered entity is a county or city board
of elections, it shall contemporaneously provide a copy of the covered
policy to the state board of elections.
(b) Upon submission of a covered policy for preclearance, as soon as
practicable but no later than within ten days, the civil rights bureau
shall publish the submission on its website.
(c) After publication of a submission, there shall be an opportunity
for members of the public to comment on the submission to the civil
rights bureau within the time periods set forth below. To facilitate
public comment, the civil rights bureau shall provide an opportunity for
members of the public to sign up to receive notifications or alerts
regarding submission of a covered policy for preclearance.
(d) Upon submission of a covered policy for preclearance, the civil
rights bureau shall review the covered policy, and any public comment,
and shall, within the time periods set forth below, provide a report and
determination as to whether, under this title, preclearance should be
granted or denied to the covered policy. Such time period shall run
concurrent with the time periods for public comment. The civil rights
bureau shall not make such determination until the period for public
comment is closed. The civil rights bureau may request additional
information from a covered entity at any time during its review to aid
in developing its report and recommendation. The failure to timely
comply with reasonable requests for more information may be grounds for
the denial of preclearance. The civil rights bureau's reports and
determination shall be posted publicly on its website.
(e) In any determination as to preclearance, the civil rights bureau
shall identify in writing whether it is approving or rejecting the
covered policy; provided, however, that the civil rights bureau may, in
its discretion, designate preclearance as "preliminary" in which case
the civil rights bureau may deny preclearance within sixty days
following the receipt of submission of the covered policy.
(i) The civil rights bureau shall grant preclearance only if it
determines that the covered policy will not diminish the ability of
protected class members to participate in the political process and to
elect their preferred candidates to office. If the civil rights bureau
grants preclearance, the covered entity may enact or implement the
covered policy immediately.
(ii) If the civil rights bureau denies preclearance, the civil rights
bureau shall interpose objections explaining its basis and the covered
policy shall not be enacted or implemented.
(iii) If the civil rights bureau fails to respond within the required
time frame as established in this section, the covered policy shall be
deemed precleared and the covered entity may enact or implement such
covered policy.
(f) The time periods for public comment, civil rights bureau review,
and the determination of the civil rights bureau to grant or deny
preclearance on submission shall be as follows:
(i) For any covered policy concerning the designation or selection of
poll sites or the assignment of election districts to poll sites,
whether for election day or early voting, the period for public comment
shall be five business days. The civil rights bureau shall review the
covered policy, including any public comment, and make a determination
to deny or grant preclearance for such covered policy within fifteen
days following the receipt of such covered policy.
(ii) Upon a showing of good cause, the civil rights bureau may receive
an extension of up to twenty days to make a determination pursuant to
this paragraph.
(iii) For any other covered policy, the period for public comment
shall be ten business days. The civil rights bureau shall review the
covered policy, including any public comment, within fifty-five days
following the receipt of such covered policy and make a determination to
deny or grant preclearance for such covered policy. The civil rights
bureau may invoke up to two extensions of ninety days each.
(iv) The civil rights bureau is hereby authorized to promulgate rules
for an expedited, emergency preclearance process in the event of a
covered policy occurring during or imminently preceding an election as a
result of any disaster within the meaning of section 3-108 of this
chapter or other exigent circumstances. Any preclearance granted under
this provision shall be designated "preliminary" and the civil rights
bureau may deny preclearance within sixty days following receipt of the
covered policy.
(g) Appeal of any denial by the civil rights bureau may be heard in
the supreme court for the county of New York or the county of Albany in
a proceeding commenced against the civil rights bureau, pursuant to
article seventy-eight of the civil practice law and rules, from which
appeal may be taken according to the ordinary rules of appellate
procedure. Due to the frequency and urgency of elections, actions
brought pursuant to this section shall be subject to expedited pretrial
and trial proceedings and receive an automatic calendar preference on
appeal.
5. Preclearance by a designated court. A covered entity may obtain
preclearance for a covered policy from a court pursuant to the following
process:
(a) The covered entity shall submit the covered policy in writing to
the following designated court in the judicial department within which
the covered entity is located: (i) first judicial department: New York
county; (ii) second judicial department: Westchester county; (iii) third
judicial department: Albany county; and (iv) fourth judicial department:
Erie county. If the covered entity is a county or city board of
elections, it shall contemporaneously provide a copy of the covered
policy to the state board of elections.
(b) The covered entity shall contemporaneously provide a copy of the
covered policy to the civil rights bureau. The failure of the covered
entity to provide a copy of the covered policy to the civil rights
bureau will result in an automatic denial of preclearance.
(c) The court shall grant or deny preclearance within sixty days
following the receipt of submission of the covered policy.
(d) The court shall grant preclearance only if it determines that the
covered policy will not diminish the ability of protected class members
to participate in the political process and to elect their preferred
candidates to office. If the court grants preclearance, the covered
entity may enact or implement the covered policy immediately.
(e) If the court denies preclearance, or fails to respond within sixty
days, the covered policy shall not be enacted or implemented.
(f) Appeal of any denial may be taken according to the ordinary rules
of appellate procedure. Due to the frequency and urgency of elections,
actions brought pursuant to this section shall be subject to expedited
pretrial and trial proceedings and receive an automatic calendar
preference on appeal.
6. Failure to seek or obtain preclearance. If any covered entity
enacts or implements a covered policy without seeking preclearance
pursuant to this section, or enacts or implements a covered policy
notwithstanding the denial of preclearance, either the civil rights
bureau or any other party with standing to bring an action under this
title may bring an action to enjoin the covered policy and to seek
sanctions against the political subdivision and officials in violation.
7. Rules and regulations. The civil rights bureau may promulgate such
rules and regulations as are necessary to effectuate the purposes of
this section.
* NB Effective per notification from the Attorney General (see chapter
226 of 2022 § 5)