Article 77. Principals.
A person subject to this code who: (1) commits an offense punishable by this code or aids, abets, counsels, commands or procures its commission; or (2) causes an act to be done which, if directly performed by such person would be punishable by this code shall be a principal.
Structure Massachusetts General Laws
Part I - Administration of the Government
Chapter 33a - Massachusetts Code of Military Justice
Section 2 - Persons Subject to This Code; Jurisdiction
Section 3 - Jurisdiction to Try Certain Personnel
Section 5 - Territorial Applicability of the Code
Section 9 - Imposition of Restraint
Section 10 - Restraint of Persons Charged With Offenses
Section 11 - Place of Confinement; Reports and Receiving of Prisoners
Section 12 - Confinement With Enemy Prisoners Prohibited
Section 13 - Punishment Prohibited Before Trial
Section 14 - Delivery of Offenders to Civil Authorities
Section 15 - Commanding Officer's Non-Judicial Punishment
Section 16 - Courts-Martial Classified
Section 17 - Jurisdiction of Courts-Martial in General
Section 18 - Jurisdiction of General Courts-Martial
Section 19 - Jurisdiction of Special Courts-Martial
Section 20 - Jurisdiction of Summary Courts-Martial
Section 22 - Who May Convene General Courts-Martial
Section 23 - Who May Convene Special Courts-Martial
Section 24 - Who May Convene Summary Courts-Martial
Section 25 - Who May Serve on Courts-Martial
Section 26 - Military Judge of a General or Special Court-Martial
Section 27 - Detail of Trial Counsel and Defense Counsel
Section 28 - Detail or Employment of Reporters and Interpreters
Section 29 - Absent and Additional Members
Section 30 - Charges and Specifications
Section 31 - Compulsory Self-Incrimination Prohibited
Section 33 - Forwarding of Charges
Section 34 - Advice of Judge Advocate and Reference for Trial
Section 35 - Service of Charges
Section 36 - Commander-in-Chief or the Adjutant General May Prescribe Rules
Section 37 - Unlawfully Influencing Action of Court
Section 38 - Duties of Trial Counsel and Defense Counsel
Section 42 - Oaths or Affirmations
Section 43 - Statute of Limitations
Section 45 - Pleas of the Accused
Section 46 - Opportunity to Obtain Witnesses and Other Evidence
Section 47 - Refusal to Appear or Testify
Section 50 - Admissibility of Records of Courts of Inquiry
Section 50a - Defense of Lack of Mental Responsibility
Section 51 - Voting and Rulings
Section 52 - Number of Votes Required
Section 53 - Court to Announce Action
Section 55 - Cruel and Unusual Punishments Prohibited
Section 57 - Effective Date of Sentences
Section 57a - Deferment of Sentences
Section 58 - Execution of Confinement
Section 58a - Sentences: Reduction in Enlisted Grade Upon Approval
Section 58b - Sentences: Forfeiture of Pay and Allowances During Confinement
Section 59 - Error of Law; Lesser Included Offense
Section 60 - Action by the Convening Authority
Section 61 - Withdrawal of Appeal
Section 62 - Appeal by the State
Section 64 - Review by the Senior Force Judge Advocate
Section 65 - Disposition of Records After Review by the Convening Authority
Section 67a - Review by State Appellate Authority
Section 70 - Appellate Counsel
Section 71 - Execution of Sentence; Suspension of Sentence
Section 72 - Vacation of Suspension
Section 73 - Petition for a New Trial
Section 74 - Remission and Suspension
Section 76 - Finality of Proceedings, Findings and Sentences
Section 76a - Leave Required to Be Taken Pending Review of Certain Court-Martial Convictions
Section 78 - Accessory After the Fact
Section 79 - Conviction of Lesser Included Offense
Section 83 - Fraudulent Enlistment, Appointment or Separation
Section 84 - Unlawful Enlistment, Appointment or Separation
Section 86 - Absence Without Leave
Section 88 - Contempt Toward Officials
Section 89 - Disrespect Toward Superior Commissioned Officer
Section 90 - Assaulting or Willfully Disobeying Superior Commissioned Officer
Section 91 - Insubordinate Conduct Toward Warrant Officer, Noncommissioned Officer or Petty Officer
Section 92 - Failure to Obey Order or Regulation
Section 93 - Cruelty and Maltreatment
Section 94 - Mutiny or Sedition
Section 95 - Resistance, Flight, Breach of Arrest and Escape
Section 96 - Releasing Prisoner Without Proper Authority
Section 97 - Unlawful Detention
Section 98 - Noncompliance With Procedural Rules
Section 99 - Misbehavior Before the Enemy
Section 100 - Subordinate Compelling Surrender
Section 101 - Improper Use of Countersign
Section 102 - Forcing a Safeguard
Section 103 - Captured or Abandoned Property
Section 104 - Aiding the Enemy
Section 105 - Misconduct as Prisoner
Section 107 - False Official Statements
Section 108 - Loss, Damage, Destruction or Wrongful Disposition of Military Property
Section 109 - Waste, Spoilage or Destruction of Non-Military Property
Section 110 - Improper Hazarding of Vessel
Section 113 - Misbehavior of Sentinel
Section 116 - Riot or Breach of Peace
Section 117 - Provoking Speeches or Gestures
Section 132 - Frauds Against the Government
Section 133 - Conduct Unbecoming an Officer
Section 135 - Courts of Inquiry
Section 136 - Authority to Administer Oaths and to Act as Notary
Section 137 - Articles to Be Made Available
Section 138 - Complaints of Wrongs
Section 139 - Redress of Injuries to Property
Section 140 - Delegation by the Commander-in-Chief
Section 141 - Payment of Fees, Costs, and Expenses
Section 142 - Payment of Fines and Disposition Thereof
Section 143 - Uniformity of Interpretation and Military Rules of Evidence