1. After a breach within the preceding section the buyer may "cover" by making in good faith and without unreasonable delay any reasonable purchase of or contract to purchase goods in substitution for those due from the seller.
2. The buyer may recover from the seller as damages the difference between the cost of cover and the contract price together with any incidental or consequential damages as hereinafter defined (NRS 104.2715), but less expenses saved in consequence of the seller’s breach.
3. Failure of the buyer to effect cover within this section does not bar the buyer from any other remedy.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 813)
Structure Nevada Revised Statutes
Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code — Original Articles
NRS 104.1102 - Scope of Article 1.
NRS 104.1104 - Construction against implied repeal.
NRS 104.1106 - Use of singular and plural; gender.
NRS 104.1108 - Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.
NRS 104.1201 - General definitions.
NRS 104.1202 - Notice; knowledge.
NRS 104.1203 - Lease distinguished from security interest.
NRS 104.1205 - Reasonable time; seasonableness.
NRS 104.1301 - Territorial applicability; parties’ power to choose applicable law.
NRS 104.1302 - Variation by agreement.
NRS 104.1303 - Course of performance, course of dealing and usage of trade.
NRS 104.1304 - Obligation of good faith.
NRS 104.1305 - Remedies to be liberally administered.
NRS 104.1306 - Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach.
NRS 104.1307 - Prima facie evidence by third-party documents.
NRS 104.1308 - Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights.
NRS 104.1309 - Option to accelerate at will.
NRS 104.1310 - Subordinated obligations.
NRS 104.2102 - Scope; certain security and other transactions excluded from this article.
NRS 104.2103 - Definitions and index of definitions.
NRS 104.2104 - Definitions: "Merchant"; "between merchants"; "financing agency."
NRS 104.2105 - Definitions: Transferability; "goods"; "future" goods; "lot"; "commercial unit."
NRS 104.2107 - Goods to be severed from realty: Recording.
NRS 104.2201 - Formal requirements; statute of frauds.
NRS 104.2202 - Final written expression: Parol or extrinsic evidence.
NRS 104.2203 - Seals inoperative.
NRS 104.2204 - Formation in general.
NRS 104.2206 - Offer and acceptance in formation of contract.
NRS 104.2207 - Additional terms in acceptance or confirmation.
NRS 104.2209 - Modification, rescission and waiver.
NRS 104.2210 - Delegation of performance; assignment of rights.
NRS 104.2301 - General obligations of parties.
NRS 104.2302 - Unconscionable contract or clause.
NRS 104.2303 - Allocation or division of risks.
NRS 104.2304 - Price payable in money, goods, realty or otherwise.
NRS 104.2305 - Open price term.
NRS 104.2306 - Output, requirements and exclusive dealings.
NRS 104.2307 - Delivery in single lot or several lots.
NRS 104.2308 - Absence of specified place for delivery.
NRS 104.2309 - Absence of specific time for action or duration of contract; notice of termination.
NRS 104.2310 - Open time for payment or running of credit; authority to ship under reservation.
NRS 104.2311 - Options and cooperation respecting performance.
NRS 104.2312 - Warranty of title and against infringement; buyer’s obligation against infringement.
NRS 104.2313 - Express warranties by affirmation, promise, description or sample.
NRS 104.2314 - Implied warranty: Merchantability; usage of trade.
NRS 104.2315 - Implied warranty: Fitness for particular purpose.
NRS 104.2316 - Exclusion or modification of warranties.
NRS 104.2317 - Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied.
NRS 104.2318 - Third-party beneficiaries of warranties express or implied.
NRS 104.2319 - F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms.
NRS 104.2320 - C.I.F. and C. & F. terms.
NRS 104.2322 - Delivery "ex-ship."
NRS 104.2323 - Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment; "overseas."
NRS 104.2324 - "No arrival, no sale" term.
NRS 104.2325 - "Letter of credit" term; "confirmed credit."
NRS 104.2326 - Sale on approval and sale or return; rights of creditors.
NRS 104.2327 - Special incidents of sale on approval and sale or return.
NRS 104.2328 - Sale by auction.
NRS 104.2401 - Passing of title; reservation for security; limited application of this section.
NRS 104.2402 - Rights of seller’s creditors against sold goods.
NRS 104.2403 - Power to transfer; good faith purchase of goods; "entrusting."
NRS 104.2501 - Insurable interest in goods; manner of identification of goods.
NRS 104.2502 - Buyer’s right to goods on seller’s repudiation, failure to deliver or insolvency.
NRS 104.2503 - Manner of seller’s tender of delivery.
NRS 104.2504 - Shipment by seller.
NRS 104.2505 - Seller’s shipment under reservation.
NRS 104.2506 - Rights of financing agency.
NRS 104.2507 - Effect of seller’s tender; delivery on condition.
NRS 104.2508 - Cure by seller of improper tender or delivery; replacement.
NRS 104.2509 - Risk of loss in the absence of breach.
NRS 104.2510 - Effect of breach on risk of loss.
NRS 104.2511 - Tender of payment by buyer; payment by check.
NRS 104.2512 - Payment by buyer before inspection.
NRS 104.2513 - Buyer’s right to inspection of goods.
NRS 104.2514 - When documents deliverable on acceptance; when on payment.
NRS 104.2515 - Preserving evidence of goods in dispute.
NRS 104.2601 - Buyer’s rights on improper delivery.
NRS 104.2602 - Manner and effect of rightful rejection.
NRS 104.2603 - Merchant buyer’s duties as to rightfully rejected goods.
NRS 104.2604 - Buyer’s options as to salvage of rightfully rejected goods.
NRS 104.2605 - Waiver of buyer’s objections by failure to particularize.
NRS 104.2606 - What constitutes acceptance of goods.
NRS 104.2608 - Revocation of acceptance in whole or in part.
NRS 104.2609 - Right to adequate assurance of performance.
NRS 104.2610 - Anticipatory repudiation.
NRS 104.2611 - Retraction of anticipatory repudiation.
NRS 104.2612 - "Installment contract"; breach.
NRS 104.2613 - Casualty to identified goods.
NRS 104.2614 - Substituted performance.
NRS 104.2615 - Excuse by failure of presupposed conditions.
NRS 104.2616 - Procedure on notice claiming excuse.
NRS 104.2701 - Remedies for breach of collateral contracts not impaired.
NRS 104.2702 - Seller’s remedies on discovery of buyer’s insolvency.
NRS 104.2703 - Seller’s remedies in general.
NRS 104.2705 - Seller’s stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.
NRS 104.2706 - Seller’s resale including contract for resale.
NRS 104.2707 - "Person in the position of a seller."
NRS 104.2708 - Seller’s damages for nonacceptance or repudiation.
NRS 104.2709 - Action for price.
NRS 104.2710 - Seller’s incidental damages.
NRS 104.2711 - Buyer’s remedies in general; buyer’s security interest in rejected goods.
NRS 104.2712 - "Cover"; buyer’s procurement of substitute goods.
NRS 104.2713 - Buyer’s damages for nondelivery or repudiation.
NRS 104.2714 - Buyer’s damages for breach in regard to accepted goods.
NRS 104.2715 - Buyer’s incidental and consequential damages.
NRS 104.2716 - Buyer’s right to specific performance or replevin.
NRS 104.2717 - Deduction of damages from the price.
NRS 104.2718 - Liquidation or limitation of damages; deposits.
NRS 104.2719 - Contractual modification or limitation of remedy.
NRS 104.2720 - Effect of "cancellation" or "rescission" on claims for antecedent breach.
NRS 104.2721 - Remedies for fraud.
NRS 104.2722 - Who can sue third parties for injury to goods.
NRS 104.2723 - Proof of market price: Time and place.
NRS 104.2724 - Admissibility of market quotations.
NRS 104.2725 - Statute of limitations in contracts for sale.
NRS 104.3102 - Subject matter.
NRS 104.3104 - Negotiable instrument.
NRS 104.3105 - Issue of instrument.
NRS 104.3106 - Unconditional promise or order.
NRS 104.3107 - Instrument payable in foreign money.
NRS 104.3108 - Payable on demand or at definite time.
NRS 104.3109 - Payable to bearer or to order.
NRS 104.3110 - Identification of person to whom instrument is payable.
NRS 104.3111 - Place of payment.
NRS 104.3113 - Date of instrument.
NRS 104.3114 - Contradictory terms of instrument.
NRS 104.3115 - Incomplete instruments.
NRS 104.3116 - Joint and several liability; contribution.
NRS 104.3117 - Other agreements affecting instrument.
NRS 104.3118 - Statute of limitations.
NRS 104.3119 - Notice of right to defend action.
NRS 104.3202 - Negotiation subject to rescission.
NRS 104.3203 - Transfer of instrument; rights acquired by transfer.
NRS 104.3205 - Special endorsement; blank endorsement; anomalous endorsement.
NRS 104.3206 - Restrictive endorsement.
NRS 104.3301 - Person entitled to enforce instrument.
NRS 104.3302 - Holder in due course.
NRS 104.3303 - Value and consideration.
NRS 104.3304 - Overdue instrument.
NRS 104.3305 - Defenses and claims in recoupment.
NRS 104.3306 - Claims to an instrument.
NRS 104.3307 - Notice of breach of fiduciary duty.
NRS 104.3308 - Proof of signatures and status as holder in due course.
NRS 104.3309 - Enforcement of lost, destroyed or stolen instrument.
NRS 104.3310 - Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken.
NRS 104.3311 - Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument.
NRS 104.3312 - Lost, destroyed or stolen cashier’s check, teller’s check or certified check.
NRS 104.3402 - Signature by representative.
NRS 104.3403 - Unauthorized signature.
NRS 104.3404 - Impostors; fictitious payees.
NRS 104.3405 - Employer’s responsibility for fraudulent endorsement by employee.
NRS 104.3406 - Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of instrument.
NRS 104.3408 - Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft.
NRS 104.3409 - Acceptance of draft; certified check.
NRS 104.3410 - Acceptance varying draft.
NRS 104.3411 - Refusal to pay cashier’s checks, teller’s checks and certified checks.
NRS 104.3412 - Obligation of issuer of note or cashier’s check.
NRS 104.3413 - Obligation of acceptor.
NRS 104.3414 - Obligation of drawer.
NRS 104.3415 - Obligation of endorser.
NRS 104.3416 - Transfer warranties.
NRS 104.3417 - Presentment warranties.
NRS 104.3418 - Payment or acceptance by mistake.
NRS 104.3419 - Instruments signed for accommodation.
NRS 104.3420 - Conversion of instrument.
NRS 104.3503 - Notice of dishonor.
NRS 104.3504 - Excused presentment and notice of dishonor.
NRS 104.3505 - Evidence of dishonor.
NRS 104.3601 - Discharge and effect of discharge.
NRS 104.3603 - Tender of payment.
NRS 104.3604 - Discharge by cancellation or renunciation.
NRS 104.3605 - Discharge of endorsers and accommodation parties.
NRS 104.4103 - Variation by agreement; measure of damages; action constituting ordinary care.
NRS 104.4104 - Definitions and index of definitions.
NRS 104.4106 - Payable through or payable at bank.
NRS 104.4107 - Separate office of bank.
NRS 104.4108 - Time of receipt of items.
NRS 104.4110 - Electronic presentment.
NRS 104.4111 - Statute of limitations.
NRS 104.4202 - Responsibility for collection or return; when action timely.
NRS 104.4203 - Effect of instructions.
NRS 104.4204 - Methods of sending and presenting; sending directly to payor bank.
NRS 104.4205 - Depository bank holder of unendorsed item.
NRS 104.4206 - Transfer between banks.
NRS 104.4207 - Transfer warranties.
NRS 104.4208 - Presentment warranties.
NRS 104.4209 - Encoding and retention warranties.
NRS 104.4210 - Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.
NRS 104.4211 - When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course.
NRS 104.4213 - Medium and time of settlement by bank.
NRS 104.4214 - Right of charge-back or refund; liability of collecting bank; return of item.
NRS 104.4216 - Insolvency and preference.
NRS 104.4302 - Payor bank’s responsibility for late return of item.
NRS 104.4401 - When bank may charge customer’s account.
NRS 104.4403 - Customer’s right to stop payment; burden of proof of loss.
NRS 104.4404 - Bank not obligated to pay check more than 6 months old.
NRS 104.4405 - Death or incompetence of customer.
NRS 104.4406 - Customer’s duty to discover or report unauthorized signature or alteration.
NRS 104.4407 - Payor bank’s right to subrogation on improper payment.
NRS 104.4502 - Presentment of "on arrival" drafts.
NRS 104.4504 - Privilege of presenting bank to deal with goods; security interest for expenses.
NRS 104.5104 - Formal requirements.
NRS 104.5106 - Issuance, amendment, cancellation and duration.
NRS 104.5107 - Confirmer, nominated person and adviser.
NRS 104.5108 - Issuer’s rights and obligations.
NRS 104.5109 - Fraud and forgery.
NRS 104.5112 - Transfer of letter of credit.
NRS 104.5113 - Transfer by operation of law.
NRS 104.5114 - Assignment of proceeds.
NRS 104.5115 - Statute of limitations.
NRS 104.5116 - Choice of law and forum.
NRS 104.5117 - Subrogation of issuer, applicant and nominated person.
NRS 104.5118 - Security interest of issuer or nominated person.
NRS 104.7102 - Definitions and index of definitions.
NRS 104.7103 - Relation of Article to treaty or statute.
NRS 104.7104 - Negotiable and nonnegotiable document of title.
NRS 104.7105 - Reissuance in alternative medium.
NRS 104.7106 - Control of electronic document of title.
NRS 104.7201 - Person that may issue warehouse receipt; storage under bond.
NRS 104.7202 - Form of warehouse receipt; effect of omission.
NRS 104.7203 - Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription.
NRS 104.7204 - Duty of care; contractual limitation of warehouse’s liability.
NRS 104.7205 - Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases.
NRS 104.7206 - Termination of storage at warehouse’s option.
NRS 104.7207 - Goods must be kept separate; fungible goods.
NRS 104.7208 - Altered warehouse receipts.
NRS 104.7209 - Lien of warehouse.
NRS 104.7210 - Enforcement of warehouse’s lien.
NRS 104.7302 - Through bills of lading and similar documents of title.
NRS 104.7303 - Diversion; reconsignment; change of instructions.
NRS 104.7304 - Tangible bills of lading in set.
NRS 104.7305 - Destination bills.
NRS 104.7306 - Altered bills of lading.
NRS 104.7307 - Lien of carrier.
NRS 104.7308 - Enforcement of carrier’s lien.
NRS 104.7309 - Duty of care; contractual limitation of carrier’s liability.
NRS 104.7401 - Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or conduct of issuer.
NRS 104.7402 - Duplicate document of title; overissue.
NRS 104.7403 - Obligation of bailee to deliver; excuse.
NRS 104.7404 - No liability for good-faith delivery pursuant to document of title.
NRS 104.7501 - Form of negotiation and requirements of due negotiation.
NRS 104.7502 - Rights acquired by due negotiation.
NRS 104.7503 - Document of title to goods defeated in certain cases.
NRS 104.7505 - Endorser not guarantor for other parties.
NRS 104.7506 - Delivery without endorsement; right to compel endorsement.
NRS 104.7507 - Warranties on negotiation or delivery of document of title.
NRS 104.7508 - Warranties of collecting bank as to documents of title.
NRS 104.7509 - Adequate compliance with commercial contract.
NRS 104.7601 - Lost, stolen or destroyed documents of title.
NRS 104.7602 - Judicial process against goods covered by negotiable document of title.
NRS 104.7603 - Conflicting claims; interpleader.
NRS 104.8104 - Acquisition of security or financial asset or interest therein.
NRS 104.8105 - Notice of adverse claim.
NRS 104.8107 - Whether endorsement, instruction or entitlement order is effective.
NRS 104.8108 - Warranties in direct holding.
NRS 104.8109 - Warranties in indirect holding.
NRS 104.8110 - Applicability; choice of law.
NRS 104.8111 - Rules of clearing corporation.
NRS 104.8112 - Creditor’s legal process.
NRS 104.8113 - Statute of frauds inapplicable.
NRS 104.8114 - Evidentiary rules concerning certificated securities.
NRS 104.8115 - Securities intermediary and others not liable to adverse claimant.
NRS 104.8116 - Securities intermediary as purchaser for value.
NRS 104.8202 - Issuer’s responsibility and defenses; notice of defect or defense.
NRS 104.8203 - Staleness as notice of defect or defense.
NRS 104.8204 - Effect of issuer’s restriction on transfer.
NRS 104.8205 - Effect of unauthorized signature on security certificate.
NRS 104.8206 - Completion or alteration of security certificate.
NRS 104.8207 - Rights and duties of issuer with respect to registered owners.
NRS 104.8208 - Effect of signature of authenticating trustee, registrar or transfer agent.
NRS 104.8302 - Rights of purchaser.
NRS 104.8303 - Protected purchaser.
NRS 104.8306 - Effect of guaranteeing signature, endorsement or instruction.
NRS 104.8307 - Purchaser’s right to requisites for registration of transfer.
NRS 104.8401 - Duty of issuer to register transfer.
NRS 104.8402 - Assurance that endorsement or instruction is effective.
NRS 104.8403 - Demand that issuer not register transfer.
NRS 104.8404 - Wrongful registration.
NRS 104.8405 - Replacement of lost, destroyed or wrongfully taken security certificate.
NRS 104.8407 - Authenticating trustee, transfer agent and registrar.
NRS 104.8501 - Securities account; acquisition of security entitlement from securities intermediary.
NRS 104.8502 - Assertion of adverse claim against entitlement holder.
NRS 104.8504 - Duty of securities intermediary to maintain financial asset.
NRS 104.8505 - Duty of securities intermediary with respect to payments and distributions.
NRS 104.8506 - Duty of securities intermediary to exercise rights as directed by entitlement holder.
NRS 104.8507 - Duty of securities intermediary to comply with entitlement order.
NRS 104.8510 - Rights of purchaser of security entitlement from entitlement holder.
NRS 104.8511 - Priority among security interests and entitlement holders.
NRS 104.9102 - Definitions and index of definitions.
NRS 104.9104 - Control of deposit account.
NRS 104.9106 - Control of investment property.
NRS 104.9107 - Control of letter-of-credit right.
NRS 104.9108 - Sufficiency of descriptions.
NRS 104.9109 - Scope of applicability.
NRS 104.9110 - Applicability to security interests arising under Article 2 or 2A.
NRS 104.9201 - General effectiveness of security agreement.
NRS 104.9202 - Title to collateral immaterial.
NRS 104.9204 - After-acquired property; future advances.
NRS 104.9205 - Use or disposition of collateral permissible.
NRS 104.9206 - Security interest arising in purchase or delivery of financial asset.
NRS 104.9207 - Rights and duties of secured party having possession or control of collateral.
NRS 104.9208 - Additional duties of secured party having control of collateral.
NRS 104.9209 - Duties of secured party if account debtor has been notified of assignment.
NRS 104.9210 - Request for accounting; request regarding list of collateral or statement of account.
NRS 104.9301 - Determination of law governing perfection and priority of security interests.
NRS 104.9302 - Determination of law governing perfection and priority of agricultural liens.
NRS 104.9307 - Location of debtor.
NRS 104.9308 - When security interest or agricultural lien is perfected; continuity of perfection.
NRS 104.9309 - Security interest perfected upon attachment.
NRS 104.9314 - Perfection by control.
NRS 104.9315 - Secured party’s rights on disposition of collateral and in proceeds.
NRS 104.9316 - Continued perfection of security interest following change in governing law.
NRS 104.9319 - Rights and title of consignee with respect to creditors and purchasers.
NRS 104.9320 - Protection of certain buyers of goods.
NRS 104.9323 - Future advances.
NRS 104.9324 - Priority of purchase-money security interests.
NRS 104.9325 - Priority of security interests in transferred collateral.
NRS 104.9326 - Priority of security interests created by new debtor.
NRS 104.9327 - Priority among conflicting security interests in same deposit account.
NRS 104.9328 - Priority among conflicting security interests in same investment property.
NRS 104.9329 - Priority among conflicting security interests in same letter-of-credit right.
NRS 104.9330 - Priority of purchaser of chattel paper or instrument.
NRS 104.9332 - Effect of transfer of money; effect of transfer of funds from deposit account.
NRS 104.9333 - Priority of certain possessory liens arising by operation of law.
NRS 104.9334 - Priority of security interests in fixtures and crops.
NRS 104.9336 - Commingled goods.
NRS 104.9337 - Priority of security interests in goods covered by certificate of title.
NRS 104.9339 - Priority subject to subordination by agreement.
NRS 104.9340 - Effectiveness of right of recoupment or setoff against deposit account.
NRS 104.9341 - Bank’s rights and duties with respect to deposit account.
NRS 104.9342 - Bank’s right to refuse to enter into or disclose existence of control agreement.
NRS 104.9401 - Alienability of debtor’s rights.
NRS 104.9402 - Secured party not obligated in contract of debtor or in tort.
NRS 104.9403 - Agreement not to assert defenses against assignee.
NRS 104.9404 - Rights acquired by assignee; claims and defenses against assignee.
NRS 104.9405 - Modification of or substitution for assigned contract.
NRS 104.9409 - Restrictions on assignment of letter-of-credit rights ineffective.
NRS 104.9503 - Name of debtor and secured party provided in financing statement.
NRS 104.9504 - Indication of collateral in financing statement.
NRS 104.9506 - Effect of errors or omissions in financing statement.
NRS 104.9507 - Effect of certain events on effectiveness of financing statement.
NRS 104.9509 - Persons entitled to file record.
NRS 104.9510 - Effectiveness of filed record.
NRS 104.9511 - Secured party of record.
NRS 104.9512 - Amendment of financing statement.
NRS 104.9513 - Termination statement.
NRS 104.9514 - Assignment of certain powers of secured party of record.
NRS 104.9516 - What constitutes filing; effectiveness of filing.
NRS 104.9517 - Effect of indexing errors.
NRS 104.9520 - Acceptance and refusal to accept record.
NRS 104.9522 - Maintenance and destruction of records.
NRS 104.9523 - Information from filing office; sale or license of records.
NRS 104.9524 - Excused delay by filing office.
NRS 104.9526 - Filing-office rules.
NRS 104.9527 - Duty of Secretary of State to report.
NRS 104.9602 - Waiver and variance of rights and duties of debtor and obligor.
NRS 104.9603 - Agreement on standards concerning rights and duties of parties.
NRS 104.9604 - Procedure if security agreement covers real property or fixtures.
NRS 104.9605 - Duty to unknown debtor or secondary obligor.
NRS 104.9606 - Time of default for agricultural lien.
NRS 104.9607 - Collection and enforcement by secured party.
NRS 104.9609 - Secured party’s right to take possession or dispose of collateral after default.
NRS 104.9610 - Disposition of collateral after default.
NRS 104.9611 - Notification before disposition of collateral.
NRS 104.9612 - Timeliness of notification before disposition of collateral.
NRS 104.9613 - Contents and form of notification before disposition of collateral: General.
NRS 104.9616 - Explanation of calculation of surplus or deficiency.
NRS 104.9618 - Rights and duties of certain secondary obligors.
NRS 104.9619 - Transfer of record or legal title.
NRS 104.9621 - Notification of proposal to accept collateral in satisfaction of obligation.
NRS 104.9622 - Effect of acceptance of collateral in satisfaction of obligation.
NRS 104.9623 - Redemption of collateral.
NRS 104.9625 - Remedies for secured party’s failure to comply with article.
NRS 104.9626 - Action in which deficiency or surplus is in issue.
NRS 104.9627 - Determination of whether conduct was commercially reasonable.
NRS 104.9703 - Security interest perfected before July 1, 2001.
NRS 104.9704 - Security interest unperfected before July 1, 2001.
NRS 104.9705 - Effectiveness of action taken before July 1, 2001.
NRS 104.9707 - Persons entitled to file initial financing statement or continuation statement.
NRS 104.9708 - Determination of priority of conflicting claims to collateral.
NRS 104.9711 - Security interest perfected before July 1, 2013.
NRS 104.9712 - Security interest unperfected before July 1, 2013.
NRS 104.9713 - Effectiveness of action taken before July 1, 2013.
NRS 104.9716 - Persons entitled to file initial financing statement or continuation statement.
NRS 104.9717 - Determination of priority of conflicting claims to collateral.