19-902. Zoning regulations; uniformity; manufactured homes; certain codes excepted.
(1) For any or all of the purposes designated in section 19-901, the city council or village board of trustees may divide the municipality into districts of such number, shape, and area as may be deemed best suited to carry out the purposes of sections 19-901 to 19-915 and may regulate and restrict the erection, construction, reconstruction, alteration, repair, or use of buildings, structures, or land within such districts. All such regulations shall be uniform for each class or kind of buildings throughout each district, but the regulations applicable to one district may differ from those applicable to other districts. For a city of the first class as described in subdivision (3) of section 19-5503, such regulations shall comply with the Municipal Density and Missing Middle Housing Act. If a regulation affects the Niobrara scenic river corridor as defined in section 72-2006 and is not incorporated within the boundaries of the municipality, the Niobrara Council shall act on the regulation as provided in section 72-2010.
(2)(a) The city council or village board of trustees shall not adopt or enforce any zoning ordinance or regulation which prohibits the use of land for a proposed residential structure for the sole reason that the proposed structure is a manufactured home if such manufactured home bears an appropriate seal which indicates that it was constructed in accordance with the standards of the Uniform Standard Code for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles, the Nebraska Uniform Standards for Modular Housing Units Act, or the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The city council or village board of trustees may require that a manufactured home be located and installed according to the same standards for foundation system, permanent utility connections, setback, and minimum square footage which would apply to a site-built, single-family dwelling on the same lot. The city council or village board of trustees may also require that manufactured homes meet the following standards:
(i) The home shall have no less than nine hundred square feet of floor area;
(ii) The home shall have no less than an eighteen-foot exterior width;
(iii) The roof shall be pitched with a minimum vertical rise of two and one-half inches for each twelve inches of horizontal run;
(iv) The exterior material shall be of a color, material, and scale comparable with those existing in residential site-built, single-family construction;
(v) The home shall have a nonreflective roof material which is or simulates asphalt or wood shingles, tile, or rock; and
(vi) The home shall have wheels, axles, transporting lights, and removable towing apparatus removed.
(b) The city council or village board of trustees may not require additional standards unless such standards are uniformly applied to all single-family dwellings in the zoning district.
(c) Nothing in this subsection shall be deemed to supersede any valid restrictive covenants of record.
(3) For purposes of this section, manufactured home shall mean (a) a factory-built structure which is to be used as a place for human habitation, which is not constructed or equipped with a permanent hitch or other device allowing it to be moved other than to a permanent site, which does not have permanently attached to its body or frame any wheels or axles, and which bears a label certifying that it was built in compliance with national Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, 24 C.F.R. 3280 et seq., promulgated by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, or (b) a modular housing unit as defined in section 71-1557 bearing a seal in accordance with the Nebraska Uniform Standards for Modular Housing Units Act.
(4) Subdivision regulations and building, plumbing, electrical, housing, fire, or health codes or similar regulations and the adoption thereof shall not be subject to sections 19-901 to 19-915.
Source
Cross References
Structure Nebraska Revised Statutes
Chapter 19 - Cities and Villages; Laws Applicable to More Than One and Less Than All Classes
19-201 - Toll bridges; licensing; regulation.
19-301 - Transferred to section 18-1901.
19-302 - Transferred to section 18-1902.
19-303 - Transferred to section 18-1903.
19-304 - Transferred to section 18-1904.
19-305 - Transferred to section 18-1905.
19-306 - Transferred to section 18-1906.
19-307 - Transferred to section 18-1907.
19-308 - Transferred to section 18-1908.
19-309 - Transferred to section 18-1909.
19-310 - Transferred to section 18-1910.
19-311 - Transferred to section 18-1911.
19-312 - Transferred to section 18-1912.
19-313 - Transferred to section 18-1913.
19-314 - Transferred to section 18-1914.
19-401 - Act, how cited; commission plan; population requirement.
19-402 - Commission plan; petition for adoption; election; ballot form.
19-403 - Commission plan; proposal for adoption; frequency.
19-404 - Adoption of commission plan; effect.
19-405 - City council members; nomination; candidate filing form; primary election; waiver.
19-406 - Mayor and city council members; election.
19-409 - City council members; candidates; terms.
19-411 - City council members; bonds; vacancies, how filled.
19-412 - Officers; employees; compensation.
19-413 - City council; powers.
19-414 - City council; departments; assignment of duties.
19-415 - Mayor; city council members; powers and duties; heads of departments.
19-416 - Officers; employees; appointment; compensation; removal.
19-417 - Offices and boards; creation; discontinuance.
19-418 - City council; meetings; quorum.
19-419 - Mayor; city council members; office; duties.
19-421 - Petitions; requirements; verification; costs.
19-422 - Cities adopting the commission plan; laws applicable.
19-423 - Appropriations and expenses; alteration; power of first city council.
19-432 - Commission plan; discontinuance; petition; election.
19-433 - Commission plan; discontinuance; petition; election; procedure.
19-501 - Charter convention; charter; amendments; election.
19-502 - Charter convention; work, when deemed complete; charter, when published.
19-503 - Charter amendments; petition; adoption.
19-602 - City, defined; population; how determined.
19-603 - Charter and general laws; force and effect.
19-604 - Ordinances; resolutions; orders; regulations; force and effect.
19-605 - City manager plan; petition for adoption; election.
19-606 - City manager plan; adoption or abandonment; election.
19-607 - Election; ballot; form.
19-608 - Election; adoption of plan; when effective; rejection; resubmission.
19-609 - City manager plan; abandonment; petition; election.
19-610 - Local charters; right to adopt.
19-611 - City council; powers.
19-612 - City council members; number; nomination and election; terms.
19-613 - City council members; qualifications; forfeiture of office; grounds.
19-613.01 - City council members; elected from a ward; election; ballots.
19-615 - City council; meetings; quorum.
19-616 - Appointive or elected official; compensation; no change during term of office.
19-617 - City council; organization, when; president; powers.
19-618 - City council; city manager; appointment; investigatory powers of city council.
19-619 - Appropriations and expenses; revision; power of first city council.
19-620 - City council; departments and offices; control.
19-645 - City manager; how chosen; qualifications; salary.
19-646 - City manager; powers; duties.
19-647 - City manager; investigatory powers.
19-648 - City manager; bond; premium; payment.
19-662 - City manager plan; abandoning; petition; filing; election.
19-701 - Public utility; condemnation; election; resubmission.
19-702 - Court of condemnation; members; hearing; parties; notice.
19-703 - Court of condemnation; powers and duties; vacancy, how filled.
19-704 - Court of condemnation; award; appeal; procedure; effect of appeal.
19-705 - Court of condemnation; appeal; judgment; bonds.
19-706 - Court of condemnation; members; compensation; costs; witness fees.
19-707 - Powers; conferred on certain cities.
19-708 - Public utility; acquisition by city or village of distribution system; wholesale service.
19-709 - Property; acquisition for public use; limitation; purposes enumerated; procedure.
19-710 - City council action; rights of adjoining property owner.
19-801 - Transferred to section 18-1501.
19-802 - Transferred to section 18-1502.
19-803 - Transferred to section 18-1503.
19-803.01 - Transferred to section 18-1504.
19-803.02 - Transferred to section 18-1505.
19-804 - Transferred to section 18-1506.
19-805 - Transferred to section 18-1507.
19-806 - Transferred to section 18-1508.
19-807 - Transferred to section 18-1509.
19-902 - Zoning regulations; uniformity; manufactured homes; certain codes excepted.
19-904 - Zoning regulations; creation; hearing; notice.
19-904.01 - Zoning regulations; nonconforming use; continuation; termination.
19-907 - Board of adjustment; appointment; restriction on powers.
19-909 - Board of adjustment; appeals to board; record on appeal; hearing; stays.
19-910 - Board of adjustment; powers; jurisdiction on appeal; variance; when permitted.
19-911 - Board of adjustment; village board of trustees may act; exception; powers and duties.
19-912 - Board of adjustment; appeal; procedure.
19-913 - Zoning laws and regulations; enforcement; violations; penalties; actions.
19-914 - Zoning regulations; conflict with other laws; effect.
19-915 - Zoning regulations; changes; procedure; ratification.
19-917 - Additions; vacating; powers; procedure; costs.
19-918 - Additions; subdivision; plat of streets; duty of owner to obtain approval.
19-920 - Additions; subdivisions; conform to ordinances; streets and alleys; requirements.
19-921 - Subdivision, defined; where applicable.
19-922 - Standard codes; applicability.
19-923 - Notice to board of education; when; notice to military installation.
19-925 - Municipal plan; planning commission; authorized.
19-926 - Planning commission; members; term; removal; vacancies; alternate members.
19-927 - Planning commission; organization; meetings; rules and regulations; records.
19-928 - Planning commission; funds, equipment, and accommodations; limit upon expenditures.
19-929 - Planning commission; city council or village board of trustees; powers and duties; appeal.
19-931 - Interjurisdictional planning commission; members; term; vacancies.
19-932 - Interjurisdictional planning commission; creation; elimination.
19-933 - Sections; applicability.
19-1101 - City treasurer or village treasurer; report for fiscal year; publication.
19-1103 - Reports and proceedings; how published; cost.
19-1104 - Violations; penalty.
19-1301 - Sinking funds; gifts; authority to receive; real estate; management.
19-1302 - Sinking funds; purposes; tax to establish; amount of levy; when authorized.
19-1303 - Sinking fund; resolution to establish; contents; election; laws governing.
19-1304 - Sinking funds; investments authorized; limitation upon use.
19-1307 - Public utilities; combined revenue bonds; objections; submit to electors; effect.
19-1308 - Sections, how construed.
19-1309 - Public funds; all-purpose levy; maximum limit.
19-1310 - Public funds; all-purpose levy; allocation.
19-1311 - Public funds; all-purpose levy; length of time effective; abandonment.
19-1312 - Public funds; all-purpose levy; certification.
19-1401 - Municipal heat, light, and ice plants; construction; operation.
19-1402 - Municipal heat, light, and ice plants; cost; how defrayed.
19-1403 - Municipal heat, light, and ice plants; bonds; interest; amount; approval of electors; tax.
19-1404 - Municipal heat, light, and ice plants; management; rates; service.
19-1501 - Incompletely performed contracts; acceptance; tax levy; bond issue.
19-1502 - Additional authority granted.
19-1601 - Transferred to section 16-318.01.
19-1801 - Transferred to section 19-1827.
19-1802 - Transferred to section 19-1828.
19-1803 - Transferred to section 19-1829.
19-1804 - Transferred to section 19-1830.
19-1806 - Transferred to section 19-1831.
19-1807 - Transferred to section 19-1832.
19-1808 - Transferred to section 19-1833.
19-1809 - Transferred to section 19-1834.
19-1810 - Transferred to section 19-1835.
19-1811 - Transferred to section 19-1836.
19-1812 - Transferred to section 19-1837.
19-1813 - Transferred to section 19-1838.
19-1814 - Transferred to section 19-1839.
19-1815 - Transferred to section 19-1840.
19-1816 - Transferred to section 19-1841.
19-1817 - Transferred to section 19-1842.
19-1818 - Transferred to section 19-1843.
19-1819 - Transferred to section 19-1844.
19-1820 - Transferred to section 19-1845.
19-1821 - Transferred to section 19-1846.
19-1822 - Transferred to section 19-1847.
19-1823 - Transferred to section 19-1826.
19-1824 - Transferred to section 48-1209.01.
19-1829 - Employees subject to act; appointment; promotion.
19-1832 - Civil service; employees; discharge; demotion; grounds.
19-1833 - Civil service; employees; discharge; demotion; procedure; investigation; appeal.
19-1834 - Civil service; municipality provide facilities and assistance.
19-1835 - Civil service; vacancies; procedure.
19-1836 - Civil service; creation or elimination of positions.
19-1837 - Civil service; employees; salaries; compliance with act.
19-1838 - Civil service; leave of absence.
19-1839 - Civil service commission; conduct of litigation; representation.
19-1840 - Civil service; obstructing examinations.
19-1841 - Civil service; political service disregarded.
19-1842 - Municipality; duty to enact appropriate legislation; failure; effect.
19-1843 - Municipality; duty to provide quarters and equipment; failure; effect.
19-1844 - Municipality; duty to create commission; failure; effect.
19-1845 - Commission; duty to organize; rules and regulations; failure; effect.
19-1846 - Municipality; duty to make appropriation.
19-1847 - Violations; penalty.
19-1848 - Merger of commissions; agreement; applicability of act; exceptions.
19-2102 - Garbage disposal plants or systems and solid waste disposal areas; tax; when authorized.
19-2104 - Garbage disposal plants or systems and solid waste disposal areas; tax levy.
19-2105 - Garbage disposal plants or systems and solid waste disposal areas; contracts.
19-2111 - Garbage disposal; construction of section; existing facilities; zoning.
19-2202 - Error in platting; application; district court; contents.
19-2203 - Error in platting; application; order to show cause; contents; publication.
19-2204 - Error in platting; application; district court; hearing; order; appeal.
19-2301 - Parking meters; acquisition, erection, maintenance, operation; ordinance.
19-2302 - Revenue; disposition.
19-2304 - Regulation and control of parking vehicles; other means.
19-2401 - Municipal improvements; combination of projects; notice; allocation of cost.
19-2402 - Water service; sanitary sewer service; extension districts; ordinance; contents.
19-2405 - Water service; sanitary sewer service; extension districts; bonds; interest; issuance.
19-2408 - Combined improvements; legislative intent.
19-2409 - Combined improvements; authorized.
19-2411 - Combined improvements; district; creation; notice; objections.
19-2412 - Combined improvements; contract; bids; warrants; payment; interest.
19-2413 - Combined improvements; acceptance; special assessments; levy; maturity.
19-2415 - Combined improvements; act, how cited.
19-2416 - Limited street improvement district; creation; purpose; ordinance; notice; procedure.
19-2417 - Sidewalks; construct, replace, repair; districts; contract.
19-2418 - Sidewalks; construct, replace, repair; districts; special assessments; payment.
19-2420 - Sewage and water facilities; acquire by gift or purchase from federal government; rates.
19-2421 - Leases authorized; term; option to purchase.
19-2422 - Special assessment; appeal; district court; powers; tried de novo.
19-2423 - Special assessment; notice of appeal; time; bond; costs.
19-2424 - City clerk or village clerk; prepare transcript; cost; indigent appellant.
19-2425 - Special assessment; file petition on appeal and transcript with district court; time.
19-2426 - Irrigation or drainage ditch, canal, or lateral; wall, enclose, or cover; procedure.
19-2427 - Improvement district; adjacent land; how treated; special assessments.
19-2428 - Improvement district; land within agricultural use zone; how treated.
19-2429 - Agricultural land within improvement district; deferral of special assessment; procedure.
19-2501 - Transferred to section 13-1111.
19-2501.01 - Transferred to section 13-1112.
19-2502 - Transferred to section 13-1113.
19-2503 - Transferred to section 13-1114.
19-2504 - Transferred to section 13-1115.
19-2505 - Transferred to section 13-1116.
19-2506 - Transferred to section 13-1118.
19-2507 - Transferred to section 13-1117.
19-2509 - Transferred to section 13-1119.
19-2510 - Transferred to section 13-1120.
19-2511 - Transferred to section 13-1121.
19-2601 - Transferred to section 18-2101.
19-2602 - Transferred to section 18-2102.
19-2602.01 - Transferred to section 18-2102.01.
19-2603 - Transferred to section 18-2103.
19-2604 - Transferred to section 18-2104.
19-2605 - Transferred to section 18-2105.
19-2606 - Transferred to section 18-2106.
19-2607 - Transferred to section 18-2107.
19-2608 - Transferred to section 18-2108.
19-2609 - Transferred to section 18-2109.
19-2610 - Transferred to section 18-2110.
19-2611 - Transferred to section 18-2111.
19-2612 - Transferred to section 18-2112.
19-2613 - Transferred to section 18-2113.
19-2614 - Transferred to section 18-2114.
19-2615 - Transferred to section 18-2115.
19-2616 - Transferred to section 18-2116.
19-2617 - Transferred to section 18-2117.
19-2618 - Transferred to section 18-2118.
19-2619 - Transferred to section 18-2119.
19-2620 - Transferred to section 18-2120.
19-2621 - Transferred to section 18-2121.
19-2622 - Transferred to section 18-2122.
19-2623 - Transferred to section 18-2123.
19-2624 - Transferred to section 18-2124.
19-2625 - Transferred to section 18-2125.
19-2626 - Transferred to section 18-2126.
19-2627 - Transferred to section 18-2127.
19-2628 - Transferred to section 18-2128.
19-2629 - Transferred to section 18-2129.
19-2630 - Transferred to section 18-2130.
19-2631 - Transferred to section 18-2131.
19-2632 - Transferred to section 18-2132.
19-2633 - Transferred to section 18-2133.
19-2634 - Transferred to section 18-2134.
19-2635 - Transferred to section 18-2135.
19-2636 - Transferred to section 18-2136.
19-2637 - Transferred to section 18-2137.
19-2638 - Transferred to section 18-2138.
19-2639 - Transferred to section 18-2139.
19-2640 - Transferred to section 18-2140.
19-2641 - Transferred to section 18-2141.
19-2642 - Transferred to section 18-2142.
19-2643 - Transferred to section 18-2143.
19-2644 - Transferred to section 18-2144.
19-2701 - Public utilities; service outside city; authorization; limitation on length of contracts.
19-2702 - Transferred to section 70-1605.
19-2703 - Transferred to section 70-1602.
19-2704 - Transferred to section 70-1606.
19-2705 - Transferred to section 70-1607.
19-2706 - Transferred to section 70-1608.
19-2708 - Transferred to section 70-1609.
19-2709 - Transferred to section 70-1610.
19-2710 - Transferred to section 70-1611.
19-2711 - Transferred to section 70-1612.
19-2713 - Transferred to section 70-1613.
19-2714 - Transferred to section 70-1614.
19-2715 - Transferred to section 70-1615.
19-2716 - Transferred to section 70-1603.
19-2717 - Transferred to section 70-1604.
19-2904 - Annual audit; contents.
19-2906 - Accountant; prohibited disclosures; penalty.
19-2908 - Act, how construed; failure to comply, effect on taxes levied.
19-2909 - Audit; expense; payment.
19-3052 - Annexation of territory; redistricting; when.
19-3101 - City council or village board of trustees; vacancy; when.
19-3303 - Districts authorized; powers.
19-3304 - Notice; given or posted by whom.
19-3305 - Proceedings, taxes or assessments levied, bonds issued; validity.
19-3306 - Procedure authorized.
19-3307 - Remedies not exclusive.
19-3308 - Curative clauses; cumulative.
19-3309 - Alternative authority and procedure.
19-3310 - Act, liberally construed.
19-3312 - Proposed districts; boundaries; notice; objections; hearing.
19-3313 - Objections to formation of district; percentage required; effect; designation of district.
19-3314 - Costs; special assessment; notice; contents; appeal.
19-3315 - Taxes and assessments; purpose; procedure; notice; hearing.
19-3315.01 - Taxes, assessments, and revenue; use; notice; protest.
19-3316 - Assessments; delinquent; interest; notice; lien; payment.
19-3317 - Bonds, authorized; interest; rate; funding; terms; warrants.
19-3318 - Proposed offstreet parking district; petition; contents; signers; requisite number.
19-3319 - Petition; notice; protest.
19-3320 - District boundaries; change; notice; contents.
19-3321 - District boundaries; additional land; notice; mailing; protest; number required; effect.
19-3322 - District; land not included.
19-3323 - Termination of proceedings for creation or change of district by protest; effect.
19-3324 - Protest or objection; withdrawal; effect.
19-3325 - Objection or protest; estoppel.
19-3326 - Issuance of bonds; certificate by city clerk; annual taxes; collection.
19-3701 - Ordinances; effective date.
19-3801 - Contract with county board for police services; sheriff; powers; duties.
19-3802 - Villages; cancel contract with county; effect.
19-3803 - Villages; contract; cost; negotiated.
19-3804 - State and federal grants; expend.
19-3901 - Transferred to section 13-1201.
19-3902 - Transferred to section 13-1202.
19-3903 - Transferred to section 13-1203.
19-3904 - Transferred to section 13-1204.
19-3905 - Transferred to section 13-1205.
19-3906 - Transferred to section 13-1206.
19-3907 - Transferred to section 13-1207.
19-3908 - Transferred to section 13-1208.
19-3909 - Transferred to section 13-1209.
19-3909.01 - Transferred to section 13-1210.
19-3910 - Transferred to section 13-1211.
19-3911 - Transferred to section 13-1212.
19-4019 - Available funds; uses; enumerated.
19-4020 - Business improvement district; created; location.
19-4021 - Business improvement board; membership; powers; duties.
19-4022 - Business improvement board; members; terms; vacancy.
19-4023 - Utility facility within district; construct or alter; approval required; when.
19-4025 - Transferred to section 19-4029.01.
19-4026 - Hearing to create a business improvement district; call by petition.
19-4027 - Hearing to create a business improvement district; city council; duties; protest; effect.
19-4028 - Proposed business improvement district; boundary amendment; hearing continued; procedure.
19-4029.01 - Notice of hearing; manner given; contents; notice to neighborhood association.
19-4029.03 - Hearing; call by petition.
19-4029.04 - Hearing; city council; duties; protest; effect.
19-4032 - Business improvement district; additional assessment or levy; when; procedure.
19-4033 - Special assessments or taxes; limitations; effect.
19-4035 - Business improvement district; dissolution; procedure.
19-4036 - Dissolved district; assets; disposition.
19-4037 - Funds and grants; use.
19-4038 - Districts created prior to May 23, 1979; governed by act.
19-4301 - Public streets and sidewalks; sale of services or goods; permitted; closure; conditions.
19-4401 - Transferred to section 18-3001.
19-4501 - Transferred to section 18-1216.
19-4625 - Eminent domain authorized.
19-4628 - Resolution of intent.
19-4629 - Resolution of intent; contents.
19-4630 - Resolution of intent; public hearing.
19-4631 - Condemnation motion.
19-4632 - Court of condemnation; establishment.
19-4633 - Court of condemnation; procedure.
19-4634 - Court of condemnation; powers and duties; costs.
19-4635 - Court of condemnation; finding of value; procedure; appeal; abandonment; when.
19-4638 - Voter approval; effect.
19-4639 - Voter approval; time restrictions.
19-4641 - Condemnation; relinquishment authorized.
19-4642 - Contract authorized.
19-4644 - Contract; review by Public Service Commission.
19-4701 - City of metropolitan class or primary class; powers.
19-4801 - Transferred to section 18-1757.
19-4901 - Judicial proceedings; bond not required.
19-5001 - Written notice of proposed annexation; manner; contents; liability; limitation on action.
19-5101 - Investment of public endowment funds; manner.
19-5201 - Transferred to section 18-3401.
19-5202 - Transferred to section 18-3402.
19-5203 - Transferred to section 18-3403.
19-5204 - Transferred to section 18-3404.
19-5205 - Transferred to section 18-3405.
19-5206 - Transferred to section 18-3406.
19-5207 - Transferred to section 18-3407.
19-5208 - Transferred to section 18-3408.
19-5209 - Transferred to section 18-3409.
19-5210 - Transferred to section 18-3410.
19-5211 - Transferred to section 18-3411.
19-5212 - Transferred to section 18-3412.
19-5213 - Transferred to section 18-3413.
19-5214 - Transferred to section 18-3414.
19-5215 - Transferred to section 18-3415.
19-5216 - Transferred to section 18-3416.
19-5217 - Transferred to section 18-3417.
19-5218 - Transferred to section 18-3418.
19-5302 - Legislative findings and declarations.
19-5304 - Riverfront development district; ordinance; contents; revenue; boundaries.
19-5305 - Riverfront development authority; members; officers; vacancy; meetings; powers.
19-5306 - Authority; powers; city; power.
19-5307 - Authority; acquire property; limitations.
19-5309 - Conflict of interest.
19-5311 - Bonds; issuance; procedure; liability.
19-5314 - Hearing; notice; manner; decision; appeal.
19-5315 - Additional assessment or levy; procedure.
19-5316 - Records; meetings; reports.
19-5317 - Dissolution of district; procedure; notice.
19-5402 - Legislative findings and declarations.
19-5405 - Vacant property registration ordinance; adoption by municipality.
19-5406 - Registration of property; duty of owner; information required; fee; exemptions.
19-5407 - Vacant property registration ordinance; contents; program administrator; powers.
19-5408 - Supplemental provisions.
19-5502 - Legislative findings.
19-5504 - Affordable housing; report; contents.
19-5505 - Affordable housing action plan; required; failure to adopt; effect.
19-5604 - Extreme weather event; extraordinary costs; grant; application.
19-5605 - Municipal Natural Gas System Emergency Assistance Fund; created; use; investment.