Iowa Code
Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE
Section 554.11109 - Effect of official comments.

Iowa Code

Title XIII - COMMERCE

Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE

Section 554.1101 - Short titles.

Section 554.1102 - Scope of Article.

Section 554.1103 - Construction of this chapter to promote its purposes and policies — applicability of supplemental principles of law.

Section 554.1104 - Construction against implied repeal.

Section 554.1105 - Severability.

Section 554.1106 - Use of singular and plural — gender.

Section 554.1107 - Section captions.

Section 554.1108 - Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.

Section 554.1110 - Rules for filing and indexing.

Section 554.1201 - General definitions.

Section 554.1202 - Notice — knowledge.

Section 554.1203 - Lease distinguished from security interest.

Section 554.1204 - Value.

Section 554.1205 - Reasonable time — seasonableness.

Section 554.1206 - Presumptions.

Section 554.1301 - Territorial applicability — parties’ power to choose applicable law.

Section 554.1302 - Variation by agreement.

Section 554.1303 - Course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade.

Section 554.1304 - Obligation of good faith.

Section 554.1305 - Remedies to be liberally administered.

Section 554.1306 - Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach.

Section 554.1307 - Prima facie evidence by third-party documents.

Section 554.1308 - Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights.

Section 554.1309 - Option to accelerate at will.

Section 554.1310 - Subordinated obligations.

Section 554.2101 - Short title.

Section 554.2102 - Scope — certain security and other transactions excluded from this Article.

Section 554.2103 - Definitions and index of definitions.

Section 554.2104 - Definitions:“merchant” — “between merchants” — “financing agency”.

Section 554.2105 - Definitions:transferability — “goods” — “future” goods — “lot” — “commercial unit”.

Section 554.2106 - Definitions:“contract” — “agreement” — “contract for sale” — “sale” — “present sale” — “conforming” to contract — “termination” — “cancellation”.

Section 554.2107 - Goods to be severed from realty:recording.

Section 554.2201 - Formal requirements — statute of frauds.

Section 554.2202 - Final written expression — parol or extrinsic evidence.

Section 554.2203 - Seals inoperative.

Section 554.2204 - Formation in general.

Section 554.2205 - Firm offers.

Section 554.2206 - Offer and acceptance in formation of contract.

Section 554.2207 - Additional terms in acceptance or confirmation.

Section 554.2208 - Course of performance or practical construction.

Section 554.2209 - Modification, rescission and waiver.

Section 554.2210 - Delegation of performance — assignment of rights.

Section 554.2301 - General obligations of parties.

Section 554.2302 - Unconscionable contract or clause.

Section 554.2303 - Allocation or division of risks.

Section 554.2304 - Price payable in money, goods, realty, or otherwise.

Section 554.2305 - Open price term.

Section 554.2306 - Output, requirements and exclusive dealings.

Section 554.2307 - Delivery in single lot or several lots.

Section 554.2308 - Absence of specified place for delivery.

Section 554.2309 - Absence of specific time provisions — notice of termination.

Section 554.2310 - Open time for payment or running of credit — authority to ship under reservation.

Section 554.2311 - Options and cooperation respecting performance.

Section 554.2312 - Warranty of title and against infringement — buyer’s obligation against infringement.

Section 554.2313 - Express warranties by affirmation, promise, description, sample.

Section 554.2314 - Implied warranty:merchantability — usage of trade.

Section 554.2315 - Implied warranty — fitness for particular purpose.

Section 554.2316 - Exclusion or modification of warranties.

Section 554.2317 - Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied.

Section 554.2318 - Third party beneficiaries of warranties express or implied.

Section 554.2319 - F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms.

Section 554.2320 - C.I.F. and C. & F. terms.

Section 554.2321 - C.I.F. or C. & F. — “net landed weights” — “payment on arrival” — warranty of condition on arrival.

Section 554.2322 - Delivery “ex-ship”.

Section 554.2323 - Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment — “overseas”.

Section 554.2324 - “No arrival, no sale” term.

Section 554.2325 - “Letter of credit” term — “confirmed credit”.

Section 554.2326 - Sale on approval and sale or return — rights of creditors.

Section 554.2327 - Special incidents of sale on approval and sale or return.

Section 554.2328 - Sale by auction.

Section 554.2401 - Passing of title — reservation for security — limited application of this section.

Section 554.2402 - Rights of seller’s creditors against sold goods.

Section 554.2403 - Power to transfer — good faith purchase of goods — “entrusting”.

Section 554.2501 - Insurable interest in goods — manner of identification of goods.

Section 554.2502 - Buyer’s right to goods on seller’s repudiation, failure to deliver, or insolvency.

Section 554.2503 - Manner of seller’s tender of delivery.

Section 554.2504 - Shipment by seller.

Section 554.2505 - Seller’s shipment under reservation.

Section 554.2506 - Rights of financing agency.

Section 554.2507 - Effect of seller’s tender — delivery on condition.

Section 554.2508 - Cure by seller of improper tender or delivery — replacement.

Section 554.2509 - Risk of loss in the absence of breach.

Section 554.2510 - Effect of breach on risk of loss.

Section 554.2511 - Tender of payment by buyer — payment by check.

Section 554.2512 - Payment by buyer before inspection.

Section 554.2513 - Buyer’s right to inspection of goods.

Section 554.2514 - When documents deliverable on acceptance — when on payment.

Section 554.2515 - Preserving evidence of goods in dispute.

Section 554.2601 - Buyer’s rights on improper delivery.

Section 554.2602 - Manner and effect of rightful rejection.

Section 554.2603 - Merchant buyer’s duties as to rightfully rejected goods.

Section 554.2604 - Buyer’s options as to salvage of rightfully rejected goods.

Section 554.2605 - Waiver of buyer’s objections by failure to particularize.

Section 554.2606 - What constitutes acceptance of goods.

Section 554.2607 - Effect of acceptance — notice of breach — burden of establishing breach after acceptance — notice of claim or litigation to person answerable over.

Section 554.2608 - Revocation of acceptance in whole or in part.

Section 554.2609 - Right to adequate assurance of performance.

Section 554.2610 - Anticipatory repudiation.

Section 554.2611 - Retraction of anticipatory repudiation.

Section 554.2612 - “Installment contract” — breach.

Section 554.2613 - Casualty to identified goods.

Section 554.2614 - Substituted performance.

Section 554.2615 - Excuse by failure of presupposed conditions.

Section 554.2616 - Procedure on notice claiming excuse.

Section 554.2701 - Remedies for breach of collateral contracts not impaired.

Section 554.2702 - Seller’s remedies on discovery of buyer’s insolvency.

Section 554.2703 - Seller’s remedies in general.

Section 554.2704 - Seller’s right to identify goods to the contract notwithstanding breach or to salvage unfinished goods.

Section 554.2705 - Seller’s stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.

Section 554.2706 - Seller’s resale including contract for resale.

Section 554.2707 - “Person in the position of a seller”.

Section 554.2708 - Seller’s damages for nonacceptance or repudiation.

Section 554.2709 - Action for the price.

Section 554.2710 - Seller’s incidental damages.

Section 554.2711 - Buyer’s remedies in general — buyer’s security interest in rejected goods.

Section 554.2712 - “Cover” — buyer’s procurement of substitute goods.

Section 554.2713 - Buyer’s damages for nondelivery or repudiation.

Section 554.2714 - Buyer’s damages for breach in regard to accepted goods.

Section 554.2715 - Buyer’s incidental and consequential damages.

Section 554.2716 - Buyer’s right to specific performance or replevin.

Section 554.2717 - Deduction of damages from the price.

Section 554.2718 - Liquidation or limitation of damages — deposits.

Section 554.2719 - Contractual modification or limitation of remedy.

Section 554.2720 - Effect of “cancellation” or “rescission” on claims for antecedent breach.

Section 554.2721 - Remedies for fraud.

Section 554.2722 - Who can sue third parties for injury to goods.

Section 554.2723 - Proof of market price — time and place.

Section 554.2724 - Admissibility of market quotations.

Section 554.2725 - Statute of limitations in contracts for sale.

Section 554.3101 - Short title.

Section 554.3102 - Subject matter.

Section 554.3103 - Definitions.

Section 554.3104 - Negotiable instrument.

Section 554.3105 - Issue of instrument.

Section 554.3106 - Unconditional promise or order.

Section 554.3107 - Instrument payable in foreign money.

Section 554.3108 - Payable on demand or at definite time.

Section 554.3109 - Payable to bearer or to order.

Section 554.3110 - Identification of person to whom instrument is payable.

Section 554.3111 - Place of payment.

Section 554.3112 - Interest.

Section 554.3113 - Date of instrument.

Section 554.3114 - Contradictory terms of instrument.

Section 554.3115 - Incomplete instrument.

Section 554.3116 - Joint and several liability — contribution.

Section 554.3117 - Other agreements affecting instrument.

Section 554.3118 - Accrual of cause of action.

Section 554.3119 - Notice of right to defend action.

Section 554.3120 - Instruments “payable through” bank.

Section 554.3121 - Instruments payable at bank.

Section 554.3122 - Accrual of cause of action.

Section 554.3201 - Negotiation.

Section 554.3202 - Negotiation subject to rescission.

Section 554.3203 - Transfer of instrument — rights acquired by transfer.

Section 554.3204 - Endorsement.

Section 554.3205 - Special endorsement — blank endorsement — anomalous endorsement.

Section 554.3206 - Restrictive endorsement.

Section 554.3207 - Reacquisition.

Section 554.3208 - Reacquisition.

Section 554.3301 - Person entitled to enforce instrument.

Section 554.3302 - Holder in due course.

Section 554.3303 - Value and consideration.

Section 554.3304 - Overdue instrument.

Section 554.3305 - Defenses and claims in recoupment.

Section 554.3306 - Claims to an instrument.

Section 554.3307 - Notice of breach of fiduciary duty.

Section 554.3308 - Proof of signatures and status as holder in due course.

Section 554.3309 - Enforcement of lost, destroyed, or stolen instrument.

Section 554.3310 - Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken.

Section 554.3311 - Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument.

Section 554.3312 - Lost, destroyed, or stolen cashier’s check, teller’s check, or certified check.

Section 554.3401 - Signature.

Section 554.3402 - Signature by representative.

Section 554.3403 - Unauthorized signature.

Section 554.3404 - Impostors — fictitious payees.

Section 554.3405 - Employer’s responsibility for fraudulent endorsement by employee.

Section 554.3406 - Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of instrument.

Section 554.3407 - Alteration.

Section 554.3408 - Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft.

Section 554.3409 - Acceptance of draft — certified check.

Section 554.3410 - Acceptance varying draft.

Section 554.3411 - Refusal to pay cashier’s checks, teller’s checks, and certified checks.

Section 554.3412 - Obligation of issuer of note or cashier’s check.

Section 554.3413 - Obligation of acceptor.

Section 554.3414 - Obligation of drawer.

Section 554.3415 - Obligation of endorser.

Section 554.3416 - Transfer warranties.

Section 554.3417 - Presentment warranties.

Section 554.3418 - Payment or acceptance by mistake.

Section 554.3419 - Instruments signed for accommodation.

Section 554.3420 - Conversion of instrument.

Section 554.3501 - Presentment.

Section 554.3502 - Dishonor.

Section 554.3503 - Notice of dishonor.

Section 554.3504 - Excused presentment and notice of dishonor.

Section 554.3505 - Evidence of dishonor.

Section 554.3506 - Time allowed for acceptance or payment.

Section 554.3507 - Dishonor — holder’s right of recourse — term allowing re-presentment.

Section 554.3508 - Notice of dishonor.

Section 554.3509 - Protest — noting for protest.

Section 554.3510 - Evidence of dishonor and notice of dishonor.

Section 554.3511 - Waived or excused presentment, protest or notice of dishonor or delay therein.

Section 554.3512 - Holder’s recourse for dishonor.

Section 554.3513 - Civil remedy for dishonor.

Section 554.3601 - Discharge and effect of discharge.

Section 554.3602 - Payment.

Section 554.3603 - Tender of payment.

Section 554.3604 - Discharge by cancellation or renunciation.

Section 554.3605 - Discharge of endorsers and accommodation parties.

Section 554.3606

Section 554.3701

Section 554.3801

Section 554.3802 - Effect of instrument on obligation for which it is given.

Section 554.3803 - Notice to third party.

Section 554.3804 - Lost, destroyed or stolen instruments.

Section 554.3805 - Instruments not payable to order or to bearer.

Section 554.3806 - Civil remedy for dishonor of a check, draft or order.

Section 554.4101 - Short title.

Section 554.4102 - Applicability.

Section 554.4103 - Variation by agreement — measure of damages — action constituting ordinary care.

Section 554.4104 - Definitions and index of definitions.

Section 554.4105 - “Bank” — “depositary bank” — “intermediary bank” — “collecting bank” — “payor bank” — “presenting bank”.

Section 554.4106 - Payable through or payable at bank — collecting bank.

Section 554.4107 - Separate office of a bank.

Section 554.4108 - Time of receipt of items.

Section 554.4109 - Delays.

Section 554.4110 - Electronic presentment.

Section 554.4111 - Statute of limitations.

Section 554.4201 - Status of collecting bank as agent and provisional status of credits — applicability of Article — item endorsed “pay any bank”.

Section 554.4202 - Responsibility for collection or return — when action timely.

Section 554.4203 - Effect of instructions.

Section 554.4204 - Methods of sending and presenting — sending directly to payor bank.

Section 554.4205 - Depositary bank holder of unendorsed item.

Section 554.4206 - Transfer between banks.

Section 554.4207 - Transfer warranties.

Section 554.4208 - Presentment warranties.

Section 554.4209 - Encoding and retention warranties.

Section 554.4210 - Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.

Section 554.4211 - When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course.

Section 554.4212 - Presentment by notice of item not payable by, through, or at a bank; liability of drawer or endorser.

Section 554.4213 - Medium and time of settlement by bank.

Section 554.4214 - Right of charge-back or refund — liability of collecting bank — return of item.

Section 554.4215 - Final payment of item by payor bank — when provisional debits and credits become final — when certain credits become available for withdrawal.

Section 554.4216 - Insolvency and preference.

Section 554.4301 - Deferred posting — recovery of payment by return of items — time of dishonor — return of items by payor bank.

Section 554.4302 - Payor bank’s responsibility for late return of item.

Section 554.4303 - When items subject to notice, stop-payment order, legal process, or setoff — order in which items may be charged or certified.

Section 554.4401 - When bank may charge customer’s account.

Section 554.4402 - Bank’s liability to customer for wrongful dishonor — time of determining insufficiency of account.

Section 554.4403 - Customer’s right to stop payment — burden of proof of loss.

Section 554.4404 - Bank not obligated to pay check more than six months old.

Section 554.4405 - Death or incompetence of customer.

Section 554.4406 - Customer’s duty to discover and report unauthorized signature or alteration.

Section 554.4407 - Payor bank’s right to subrogation on improper payment.

Section 554.4501 - Handling of documentary drafts — duty to send for presentment and to notify customer of dishonor.

Section 554.4502 - Presentment of “on arrival” drafts.

Section 554.4503 - Responsibility of presenting bank for documents and goods — report of reasons for dishonor — referee in case of need.

Section 554.4504 - Privilege of presenting bank to deal with goods — security interest for expenses.

Section 554.5101 - Short title.

Section 554.5102 - Definitions.

Section 554.5103 - Scope.

Section 554.5104 - Formal requirements.

Section 554.5105 - Consideration.

Section 554.5106 - Issuance, amendment, cancellation, and duration.

Section 554.5107 - Confirmer, nominated person, and adviser.

Section 554.5108 - Issuer’s rights and obligations.

Section 554.5109 - Fraud and forgery.

Section 554.5110 - Warranties.

Section 554.5111 - Remedies.

Section 554.5112 - Transfer of letter of credit.

Section 554.5113 - Transfer by operation of law.

Section 554.5114 - Assignment of proceeds.

Section 554.5115 - Statute of limitations.

Section 554.5116 - Choice of law and forum.

Section 554.5117 - Subrogation of issuer, applicant, and nominated person.

Section 554.5118 - Security interest of issuer or nominated person.

Section 554.7101 - Short title.

Section 554.7102 - Definitions and index of definitions.

Section 554.7103 - Relation of Article to treaty or statute.

Section 554.7104 - Negotiable and nonnegotiable document of title.

Section 554.7105 - Reissuance in alternative medium.

Section 554.7106 - Control of electronic document of title.

Section 554.7201 - Person that may issue a warehouse receipt — storage under bond.

Section 554.7202 - Form of warehouse receipt — effect of omission.

Section 554.7203 - Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription.

Section 554.7204 - Duty of care — contractual limitation of warehouse’s liability.

Section 554.7205 - Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases.

Section 554.7206 - Termination of storage at warehouse’s option.

Section 554.7207 - Goods must be kept separate — fungible goods.

Section 554.7208 - Altered warehouse receipts.

Section 554.7209 - Lien of warehouse.

Section 554.7210 - Enforcement of warehouse’s lien.

Section 554.7301 - Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription — “said to contain” — “shipper’s weight, load, and count” — improper handling.

Section 554.7302 - Through bills of lading and similar documents of title.

Section 554.7303 - Diversion — reconsignment — change of instructions.

Section 554.7304 - Tangible bills of lading in a set.

Section 554.7305 - Destination bills.

Section 554.7306 - Altered bills of lading.

Section 554.7307 - Lien of carrier.

Section 554.7308 - Enforcement of carrier’s lien.

Section 554.7309 - Duty of care — contractual limitation of carrier’s liability.

Section 554.7401 - Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or conduct of issuer.

Section 554.7402 - Duplicate document of title — overissue.

Section 554.7403 - Obligation of bailee to deliver — excuse.

Section 554.7404 - No liability for good-faith delivery pursuant to document of title.

Section 554.7501 - Form of negotiation and requirements of due negotiation.

Section 554.7502 - Rights acquired by due negotiation.

Section 554.7503 - Document of title to goods defeated in certain cases.

Section 554.7504 - Rights acquired in absence of due negotiation — effect of diversion — stoppage of delivery.

Section 554.7505 - Indorser not guarantor for other parties.

Section 554.7506 - Delivery without indorsement — right to compel indorsement.

Section 554.7507 - Warranties on negotiation or delivery of document of title.

Section 554.7508 - Warranties of collecting bank as to documents of title.

Section 554.7509 - Adequate compliance with commercial contract.

Section 554.7601 - Lost, stolen, or destroyed documents of title.

Section 554.7601A - Lost, stolen, or destroyed documents — additional requirements.

Section 554.7602 - Judicial process against goods covered by negotiable document of title.

Section 554.7603 - Conflicting claims — interpleader.

Section 554.8101 - Short title.

Section 554.8102 - Definitions.

Section 554.8103 - Rules for determining whether certain obligations and interests are securities or financial assets.

Section 554.8104 - Acquisition of security or financial asset or interest therein.

Section 554.8105 - Notice of adverse claim.

Section 554.8106 - Control.

Section 554.8107 - Whether indorsement, instruction, or entitlement order is effective.

Section 554.8108 - Warranties in direct holding.

Section 554.8109 - Warranties in indirect holding.

Section 554.8110 - Applicability — choice of law.

Section 554.8111 - Clearing corporation rules.

Section 554.8112 - Creditor’s legal process.

Section 554.8113 - Statute of frauds inapplicable.

Section 554.8114 - Evidentiary rules concerning certificated securities.

Section 554.8115 - Securities intermediary and others not liable to adverse claimant.

Section 554.8116 - Securities intermediary as purchaser for value.

Section 554.8201 - Issuer.

Section 554.8202 - Issuer’s responsibility and defenses — notice of defect or defense.

Section 554.8203 - Staleness as notice of defect or defense.

Section 554.8204 - Effect of issuer’s restriction on transfer.

Section 554.8205 - Effect of unauthorized signature on security certificate.

Section 554.8206 - Completion or alteration of security certificate.

Section 554.8207 - Rights and duties of issuer with respect to registered owners.

Section 554.8208 - Effect of signature of authenticating trustee, registrar, or transfer agent.

Section 554.8209 - Issuer’s lien.

Section 554.8210 - Overissue.

Section 554.8301 - Delivery.

Section 554.8302 - Rights of purchaser.

Section 554.8303 - Protected purchaser.

Section 554.8304 - Indorsement.

Section 554.8305 - Instruction.

Section 554.8306 - Effect of guaranteeing signature, indorsement, or instruction.

Section 554.8307 - Purchaser’s right to requisites for registration of transfer.

Section 554.8308

Section 554.8309

Section 554.8310

Section 554.8311

Section 554.8312

Section 554.8313

Section 554.8314

Section 554.8315

Section 554.8316

Section 554.8317

Section 554.8318

Section 554.8319

Section 554.8320

Section 554.8321

Section 554.8401 - Duty of issuer to register transfer.

Section 554.8402 - Assurance that indorsement or instruction is effective.

Section 554.8403 - Demand that issuer not register transfer.

Section 554.8404 - Wrongful registration.

Section 554.8405 - Replacement of lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken security certificate.

Section 554.8406 - Obligation to notify issuer of lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken security certificate.

Section 554.8407 - Authenticating trustee, transfer agent, and registrar.

Section 554.8408 - Statements of uncertificated securities.

Section 554.8501 - Securities account — acquisition of security entitlement from securities intermediary.

Section 554.8502 - Assertion of adverse claim against entitlement holder.

Section 554.8503 - Property interest of entitlement holder in financial asset held by securities intermediary.

Section 554.8504 - Duty of securities intermediary to maintain financial asset.

Section 554.8505 - Duty of securities intermediary with respect to payments and distributions.

Section 554.8506 - Duty of securities intermediary to exercise rights as directed by entitlement holder.

Section 554.8507 - Duty of securities intermediary to comply with entitlement order.

Section 554.8508 - Duty of securities intermediary to change entitlement holder’s position to other form of security holding.

Section 554.8509 - Specification of duties of securities intermediary by other statute or regulation — manner of performance of duties of securities intermediary and exercise of rights of entitlement holder.

Section 554.8510 - Rights of purchaser of security entitlement from entitlement holder.

Section 554.8511 - Priority among security interests and entitlement holders.

Section 554.9101 - Short title.

Section 554.9102 - Definitions and index of definitions.

Section 554.9103 - Purchase-money security interest — application of payments — burden of establishing.

Section 554.9104 - Control of deposit account.

Section 554.9105 - Control of electronic chattel paper.

Section 554.9106 - Control of investment property.

Section 554.9107 - Control of letter-of-credit right.

Section 554.9108 - Sufficiency of description.

Section 554.9109 - Scope.

Section 554.9110 - Security interests arising under Article 2 or 13.

Section 554.9111 - Applicability of bulk transfer laws.

Section 554.9112

Section 554.9113

Section 554.9114

Section 554.9115

Section 554.9116

Section 554.9201 - General effectiveness of security agreement.

Section 554.9202 - Title to collateral immaterial.

Section 554.9203 - Attachment and enforceability of security interest — proceeds — supporting obligations — formal requisites.

Section 554.9204 - After-acquired property — future advances.

Section 554.9205 - Use or disposition of collateral permissible.

Section 554.9206 - Security interest arising in purchase or delivery of financial asset.

Section 554.9207 - Rights and duties of secured party having possession or control of collateral.

Section 554.9208 - Additional duties of secured party having control of collateral.

Section 554.9209 - Duties of secured party if account debtor has been notified of assignment.

Section 554.9210 - Request for accounting — request regarding list of collateral or statement of account.

Section 554.9301 - Law governing perfection and priority of security interests.

Section 554.9302 - Law governing perfection and priority of agricultural liens.

Section 554.9303 - Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in goods covered by a certificate of title.

Section 554.9304 - Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in deposit accounts.

Section 554.9305 - Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in investment property.

Section 554.9306 - Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in letter-of-credit rights.

Section 554.9307 - Location of debtor.

Section 554.9308 - When security interest or agricultural lien is perfected — continuity of perfection.

Section 554.9309 - Security interest perfected upon attachment.

Section 554.9310 - When filing required to perfect security interest or agricultural lien — security interests and agricultural liens to which filing provisions do not apply.

Section 554.9311 - Perfection of security interests in property subject to certain statutes, regulations, and treaties.

Section 554.9312 - Perfection of security interests in chattel paper, deposit accounts, documents, goods covered by documents, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, and money — perfection by permissive filing — temporary perfecti...

Section 554.9313 - When possession by or delivery to secured party perfects security interest without filing.

Section 554.9314 - Perfection by control.

Section 554.9315 - Secured party’s rights on disposition of collateral and in proceeds.

Section 554.9316 - Effect of change in governing law.

Section 554.9317 - Interests that take priority over or take free of security interest or agricultural lien.

Section 554.9318 - No interest retained in right to payment that is sold — rights and title of seller of account or chattel paper with respect to creditors and purchasers.

Section 554.9319 - Rights and title of consignee with respect to creditors and purchasers.

Section 554.9320 - Buyer of goods.

Section 554.9321 - Licensee of general intangible and lessee of goods in ordinary course of business.

Section 554.9322 - Priorities among conflicting security interests in and agricultural liens on same collateral.

Section 554.9323 - Future advances.

Section 554.9324 - Priority of purchase-money security interests.

Section 554.9325 - Priority of security interests in transferred collateral.

Section 554.9326 - Priority of security interests created by new debtor.

Section 554.9327 - Priority of security interests in deposit account.

Section 554.9328 - Priority of security interests in investment property.

Section 554.9329 - Priority of security interests in letter-of-credit right.

Section 554.9330 - Priority of purchaser of chattel paper or instrument.

Section 554.9331 - Priority of rights of purchasers of instruments, documents, and securities under other articles — priority of interests in financial assets and security entitlements under Article 8.

Section 554.9332 - Transfer of money — transfer of funds from deposit account.

Section 554.9333 - Priority of certain liens arising by operation of law.

Section 554.9334 - Priority of security interests in fixtures and crops.

Section 554.9335 - Accessions.

Section 554.9336 - Commingled goods.

Section 554.9337 - Priority of security interests in goods covered by certificate of title.

Section 554.9338 - Priority of security interest or agricultural lien perfected by filed financing statement providing certain incorrect information.

Section 554.9339 - Priority subject to subordination.

Section 554.9340 - Effectiveness of right of recoupment or setoff against deposit account.

Section 554.9341 - Bank’s rights and duties with respect to deposit account.

Section 554.9342 - Bank’s right to refuse to enter into or disclose existence of control agreement.

Section 554.9401 - Alienability of debtor’s rights.

Section 554.9402 - Secured party not obligated on contract of debtor or in tort.

Section 554.9403 - Agreement not to assert defenses against assignee.

Section 554.9404 - Rights acquired by assignee — claims and defenses against assignee.

Section 554.9405 - Modification of assigned contract.

Section 554.9406 - Discharge of account debtor — notification of assignment — identification and proof of assignment — restrictions on assignment of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, and promissory notes ineffective.

Section 554.9407 - Restrictions on creation or enforcement of security interest in leasehold interest or in lessor’s residual interest.

Section 554.9408 - Restrictions on assignment of promissory notes, health care insurance receivables, and certain general intangibles ineffective.

Section 554.9409 - Restrictions on assignment of letter-of-credit rights ineffective.

Section 554.9501 - Filing office.

Section 554.9502 - Contents of financing statement — record of mortgage as financing statement — time of filing financing statement.

Section 554.9503 - Name of debtor and secured party.

Section 554.9504 - Indication of collateral.

Section 554.9505 - Filing and compliance with other statutes and treaties for consignments, leases, other bailments, and other transactions.

Section 554.9506 - Effect of errors or omissions.

Section 554.9507 - Effect of certain events on effectiveness of financing statement.

Section 554.9508 - Effectiveness of financing statement if new debtor becomes bound by security agreement.

Section 554.9509 - Persons entitled to file a record.

Section 554.9510 - Effectiveness of filed record.

Section 554.9511 - Secured party of record.

Section 554.9512 - Amendment of financing statement.

Section 554.9513 - Termination statement.

Section 554.9513A - Termination of wrongfully filed financing statement — reinstatement.

Section 554.9514 - Assignment of powers of secured party of record.

Section 554.9515 - Duration and effectiveness of financing statement — effect of lapsed financing statement.

Section 554.9516 - What constitutes filing — effectiveness of filing.

Section 554.9517 - Effect of indexing errors.

Section 554.9518 - Claim concerning inaccurate or wrongfully filed record.

Section 554.9519 - Numbering, maintaining, and indexing records — communicating information provided in records.

Section 554.9520 - Acceptance and refusal to accept record.

Section 554.9521 - Uniform form of written financing statement and amendment.

Section 554.9522 - Maintenance and destruction of records.

Section 554.9523 - Information from filing office — sale or license of records.

Section 554.9524 - Delay by filing office.

Section 554.9525 - Fees.

Section 554.9526 - Filing-office rules.

Section 554.9527 - Duty to report.

Section 554.9601 - Rights after default — judicial enforcement — consignor or buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes.

Section 554.9602 - Waiver and variance of rights and duties.

Section 554.9603 - Agreement on standards concerning rights and duties.

Section 554.9604 - Procedure if security agreement covers real property or fixtures.

Section 554.9605 - Unknown debtor or secondary obligor.

Section 554.9606 - Time of default for agricultural lien.

Section 554.9607 - Collection and enforcement by secured party.

Section 554.9608 - Application of proceeds of collection or enforcement — liability for deficiency and right to surplus.

Section 554.9609 - Secured party’s right to take possession after default.

Section 554.9610 - Disposition of collateral after default.

Section 554.9611 - Notification before disposition of collateral.

Section 554.9612 - Timeliness of notification before disposition of collateral.

Section 554.9613 - Contents and form of notification before disposition of collateral — general.

Section 554.9614 - Contents and form of notification before disposition of collateral — consumer-goods transaction.

Section 554.9615 - Application of proceeds of disposition — liability for deficiency and right to surplus.

Section 554.9616 - Explanation of calculation of surplus or deficiency.

Section 554.9617 - Rights of transferee of collateral.

Section 554.9618 - Rights and duties of certain secondary obligors.

Section 554.9619 - Transfer of record or legal title.

Section 554.9620 - Acceptance of collateral in full or partial satisfaction of obligation — compulsory disposition of collateral.

Section 554.9621 - Notification of proposal to accept collateral.

Section 554.9622 - Effect of acceptance of collateral.

Section 554.9623 - Right to redeem collateral.

Section 554.9624 - Waiver.

Section 554.9625 - Remedies for secured party’s failure to comply with Article.

Section 554.9626 - Action in which deficiency or surplus is in issue.

Section 554.9627 - Determination of whether conduct was commercially reasonable.

Section 554.9628 - Nonliability and limitation on liability of secured party — liability of secondary obligor.

Section 554.9701 - Effective date.

Section 554.9702 - Savings clause.

Section 554.9703 - Security interest perfected before effective date.

Section 554.9704 - Security interest unperfected before effective date.

Section 554.9705 - Effectiveness of action taken before effective date.

Section 554.9706 - When initial financing statement suffices to continue effectiveness of financing statement.

Section 554.9707 - Amendment of pre-effective-date financing statement.

Section 554.9708 - Persons entitled to file initial financing statement or continuation statement.

Section 554.9709 - Priority.

Section 554.9710 - “Former” defined.

Section 554.9801 - Effective date.

Section 554.9802 - Savings clause.

Section 554.9803 - Security interest perfected before effective date.

Section 554.9804 - Security interest unperfected before effective date.

Section 554.9805 - Effectiveness of action taken before effective date.

Section 554.9806 - When initial financing statement suffices to continue effectiveness of financing statement.

Section 554.9807 - Amendment of pre-effective-date financing statement.

Section 554.9808 - Person entitled to file initial financing statement or continuation statement.

Section 554.9809 - Priority.

Section 554.10101 - Effective date.

Section 554.10103 - General repealer.

Section 554.10104 - Laws not repealed.

Section 554.10105 - Secretary of state exempted from personal liability.

Section 554.11101 - Effective date.

Section 554.11102 - Preservation of old transition provision.

Section 554.11103 - Transition to this chapter as amended — general rule.

Section 554.11104 - Transition provision on change of requirement of filing.

Section 554.11105 - Transition provision on change of place of filing.

Section 554.11107 - Transition provisions as to priorities.

Section 554.11108 - Presumption that rule of law continues unchanged.

Section 554.11109 - Effect of official comments.

Section 554.12101 - Short title.

Section 554.12102 - Subject matter.

Section 554.12103 - Payment order — definitions.

Section 554.12104 - Funds transfer — definitions.

Section 554.12105 - Other definitions.

Section 554.12106 - Time payment order is received.

Section 554.12107 - Federal reserve regulations and operating circulars.

Section 554.12108 - Relationship to Electronic Fund Transfer Act.

Section 554.12201 - Security procedure.

Section 554.12202 - Authorized and verified payment orders.

Section 554.12203 - Unenforceability of certain verified payment orders.

Section 554.12204 - Refund of payment and duty of customer to report with respect to unauthorized payment order.

Section 554.12205 - Erroneous payment orders.

Section 554.12206 - Transmission of payment order through funds-transfer or other communication system.

Section 554.12207 - Misdescription of beneficiary.

Section 554.12208 - Misdescription of intermediary bank or beneficiary’s bank.

Section 554.12209 - Acceptance of payment order.

Section 554.12210 - Rejection of payment order.

Section 554.12211 - Cancellation and amendment of payment order.

Section 554.12212 - Liability and duty of receiving bank regarding unaccepted payment order.

Section 554.12301 - Execution and execution date.

Section 554.12302 - Obligations of receiving bank in execution of payment order.

Section 554.12303 - Erroneous execution of payment order.

Section 554.12304 - Duty of sender to report erroneously executed payment order.

Section 554.12305 - Liability for late or improper execution or failure to execute payment order.

Section 554.12401 - Payment date.

Section 554.12402 - Obligation of sender to pay receiving bank.

Section 554.12403 - Payment by sender to receiving bank.

Section 554.12404 - Obligation of beneficiary’s bank to pay and give notice to beneficiary.

Section 554.12405 - Payment by beneficiary’s bank to beneficiary.

Section 554.12406 - Payment by originator to beneficiary — discharge of underlying obligation.

Section 554.12501 - Variation by agreement and effect of funds-transfer system rule.

Section 554.12502 - Creditor process served on receiving bank — setoff by beneficiary’s bank.

Section 554.12503 - Injunction or restraining order with respect to funds transfer.

Section 554.12504 - Order in which items and payment orders may be charged to account — order of withdrawals from account.

Section 554.12505 - Preclusion of objection to debit of customer’s account.

Section 554.12506 - Rate of interest.

Section 554.12507 - Choice of law.

Section 554.13101 - Short title.

Section 554.13102 - Scope.

Section 554.13103 - Definitions and index of definitions.

Section 554.13104 - Leases subject to other law.

Section 554.13105 - Territorial application of Article to goods covered by certificate of title.

Section 554.13106 - Limitation on power of parties to consumer lease to choose applicable law and judicial forum.

Section 554.13107 - Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after default.

Section 554.13108 - Unconscionability.

Section 554.13109 - Option to accelerate at will.

Section 554.13201 - Statute of frauds.

Section 554.13202 - Final written expression — parol or extrinsic evidence.

Section 554.13203 - Seals inoperative.

Section 554.13204 - Formation in general.

Section 554.13205 - Firm offers.

Section 554.13206 - Offer and acceptance in formation of lease contract.

Section 554.13207 - Course of performance or practical construction.

Section 554.13208 - Modification, rescission, and waiver.

Section 554.13209 - Lessee under finance lease as beneficiary of supply contract.

Section 554.13210 - Express warranties.

Section 554.13211 - Warranties against interference and against infringement — lessee’s obligation against infringement.

Section 554.13212 - Implied warranty of merchantability.

Section 554.13213 - Implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose.

Section 554.13214 - Exclusion or modification of warranties.

Section 554.13215 - Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied.

Section 554.13216 - Third-party beneficiaries of express and implied warranties.

Section 554.13217 - Identification.

Section 554.13218 - Insurance and proceeds.

Section 554.13219 - Risk of loss.

Section 554.13220 - Effect of default on risk of loss.

Section 554.13221 - Casualty to identified goods.

Section 554.13301 - Enforceability of lease contract.

Section 554.13302 - Title to and possession of goods.

Section 554.13303 - Alienability of party’s interest under lease contract or of lessor’s residual interest in goods — delegation of performance — transfer of rights.

Section 554.13304 - Subsequent lease of goods by lessor.

Section 554.13305 - Sale or sublease of goods by lessee.

Section 554.13306 - Priority of certain liens arising by operation of law.

Section 554.13307 - Priority of liens arising by attachment or levy on, security interests in, and other claims to goods.

Section 554.13308 - Special rights of creditors.

Section 554.13309 - Lessor’s and lessee’s rights when goods become fixtures.

Section 554.13310 - Lessor’s and lessee’s rights when goods become accessions.

Section 554.13311 - Priority subject to subordination.

Section 554.13401 - Insecurity — adequate assurance of performance.

Section 554.13402 - Anticipatory repudiation.

Section 554.13403 - Retraction of anticipatory repudiation.

Section 554.13404 - Substituted performance.

Section 554.13405 - Excused performance.

Section 554.13406 - Procedure on excused performance.

Section 554.13407 - Irrevocable promises — finance leases.

Section 554.13501 - Default — procedure.

Section 554.13502 - Notice after default.

Section 554.13503 - Modification or impairment of rights and remedies.

Section 554.13504 - Liquidation of damages.

Section 554.13505 - Cancellation and termination and effect of cancellation, termination, rescission, or fraud on rights and remedies.

Section 554.13506 - Statute of limitations.

Section 554.13507 - Proof of market rent — time and place.

Section 554.13508 - Lessee’s remedies.

Section 554.13509 - Lessee’s rights on improper delivery — rightful rejection.

Section 554.13510 - Installment lease contracts — rejection and default.

Section 554.13511 - Merchant lessee’s duties as to rightfully rejected goods.

Section 554.13512 - Lessee’s duties as to rightfully rejected goods.

Section 554.13513 - Cure by lessor of improper tender or delivery — replacement.

Section 554.13514 - Waiver of lessee’s objections.

Section 554.13515 - Acceptance of goods.

Section 554.13516 - Effect of acceptance of goods — notice of default — burden of establishing default after acceptance — notice of claim or litigation to person answerable over.

Section 554.13517 - Revocation of acceptance of goods.

Section 554.13518 - Cover — substitute goods.

Section 554.13519 - Lessee’s damages for nondelivery, repudiation, default, and breach of warranty in regard to accepted goods.

Section 554.13520 - Lessee’s incidental and consequential damages.

Section 554.13521 - Lessee’s right to specific performance or replevin.

Section 554.13522 - Lessee’s right to goods on lessor’s insolvency.

Section 554.13523 - Lessor’s remedies.

Section 554.13524 - Lessor’s right to identify goods to lease contract.

Section 554.13525 - Lessor’s right to possession of goods.

Section 554.13526 - Lessor’s stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.

Section 554.13527 - Lessor’s rights to dispose of goods.

Section 554.13528 - Lessor’s damages for nonacceptance, failure to pay, repudiation, or other default.

Section 554.13529 - Lessor’s action for the rent.

Section 554.13530 - Lessor’s incidental damages.

Section 554.13531 - Standing to sue third parties for injury to goods.

Section 554.13532 - Lessor’s rights to residual interest.